1、Designation: D 3512 05 (Reapproved 2007)e1Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3512; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofori
2、ginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made in August 20071. Scope1.1 This test met
3、hod covers the resistance to the formationof pills and other related surface changes on textile fabricsusing the random tumble pilling tester. The procedure isgenerally applicable to all types of woven and knitted apparelfabrics.NOTE 1For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles,ref
4、er to Test Methods D 3511, D 3514, and D 4970.1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resinmay not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because thesilicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the testchamber and cause erroneous results.1.3 The values stated in either SI
5、units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,the inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. Withinthe text, the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. Thevalues stated in each system are not exact equivalents; there-fore, each system shall be
6、used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with the specification.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro
7、-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lat
8、ed Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush PillingTesterD 3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD 4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: MartindaleTesterE 104 Practice fo
9、r Maintaining Constant Relative Humidityby Means of Aqueous Solutions2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:12-435120-00 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for RandomTumble Pilling Test33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fuzz, nuntangled fiber ends that protrude from thesurface of a yarn or fabric.3.1.2 pilling resistance
10、, nresistance to the formation ofpills on the surface of a textile fabric.3.1.3 pills, nbunches or balls of tangled fibers which areheld to the surface of a fabric by one or more fibers.3.1.4 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Tes
11、t Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such asfuzzing, that occur in normal wear are simulated on a labora-tory testing machine. Pills are caused to form on fabric by arandom rubbing action produced by tumbling specimens in acylindrical test chamber lined with a mildly abrasive
12、 material.To form pills with appearance and structure that resemble thoseproduced in actual wear, small amounts of short-length graycotton fiber are added to each test chamber with the specimens.The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparison of thetested specimens with visual standards that
13、 may be actualfabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pillingresistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported usingan arbitrary rating scale.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 o
14、n Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 3512 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For A
15、nnual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3512.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United State
16、s.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabrics forresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because the between-laboratory precision is poor. Insome cases the purchaser and the su
17、pplier may have to test acommercial shipment of one or more specific materials by thebest available test method, even though the test method is notrecommended for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more)
18、,comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used thatare as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material fromwhich the disparate test results were obtained, and ran
19、domlyassigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Othermaterials with established test values may be used for thispurpose. The test results from the two laboratories should becompared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at aprobability level chosen prior to the testing series. I
20、f a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results must be adjusted in consideration of the knownbias.5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors which may include typeof fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yar
21、n and fabric construc-tion, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method.Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pillingresistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more withgeneral conditions of use and individual wearers than inreplicate fabric specimens subjected to con
22、trolled laboratorytests. This experience should be borne in mind when adoptinglevels of acceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated sol
23、ely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena such as loss of cover, colorchange, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall accept-ability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the character-istics of the pills and the other factors affect
24、ing surfaceappearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratorybe evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability andnot rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series ofstandards, based on graduated degrees of surface change of thefabric type being tested, may be set
25、 up to provide a basis forsubjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageouswhen the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-ance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz.Counting the pills and weighing their number with respect totheir size and contrast,
26、 as a combined measure of pillingresistance, is not recommended because of the excessive timerequired for counting, sizing, and calculating.5.4 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, show
27、ing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (verysevere pilling).5.5 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fib
28、er, yarn and fabric structure, andfinish.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Random Tumble Pilling Tester4(Fig. 1):6.1.1 Cork Cylinder Liners, about 146 mm (5.75 in.) wideby 452 mm (17.81 in) long cut from 1.5-mm (.063-in.) thickflat sheets of Type P2117A material conforming to Classifica-tion System F104
29、, Appendix X2. The original surface of theliner, produced by slicing the material, should be used withoutany further treatment such as sanding. Store liners in originalpackaging in a cool, dry place.6.1.2 Air Injection Device to give 14-21 kPa (2-3 psi) airpressure in each test chamber, either inclu
30、ded in new testers ora modification to older testers.4Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.FIG. 1 Random Tumble Piling TesterD 3512 05 (2007)e126.2 Adhesive4, white all-purpose, for sealing edges of speci-mens (see 7.1).6.3 Plastic Bottle, with dispensing spout and cap, for usewith d
31、iluted adhesive.6.4 Vacuum Cleaner, home canister type, to clean speci-mens after testing.6.5 Cotton Sliver,54301 tex, fine American Upland, orequivalent, for improving visibility of pills on specimens.6.6 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFacilities for illumi-nation (cool white fluorescent tube) and
32、simultaneous viewingof test specimen and fabric or photograph rating standards.Apparatus and options for visual evaluation are listed in Table1.6.7 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an estab-lished pilling resistance rating for checking machine perfor-mance. No universal standard fabric
33、is available. Each testfacility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.8 Rating Standards:6.8.1 FabricA series of tested specimens of a specificfabric type which shows degree of pilling or other distortion, orboth, for each type of fabric to be tested. Store the fabric ratingstandards and handle the
34、m under conditions that will preservetheir original form and appearance.6.8.2 Photographic A set of five photographs, 105-mmsquare (4.13 in.), numbered 1 to 5 illustrating varying degreesof pilling from “very severe pilling” to “no pilling” such asAdjunct D 3512.3The photos should have a dull matte
35、finishand be of the same size as the tested specimen.6.9 Facilities for Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.10 Facilities for Dry Cleaning SamplesIf needed.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Adhesives used in this test method may be hazardous.Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets forinformation on
36、 use, handling, storage, and disposal of theseproducts.8. Sampling8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier require
37、s taking into account the variabilityamong rolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatchof fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or between cartons of garments andamong garments within a carton, to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptabl
38、e quality level, andlimiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one full-width piece of fabric that is1m(1yd)in length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m (1 yd) length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the entir
39、e system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garmentfrom each carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1 Samples may be washed or dry cleaned before cuttingthe test specimens, using conditions appropriate for the fabricend use or conditions agreed upo
40、n by all interested parties.9.2 Cut specimens in squares 105 mm (4.13 in.) on the biasat an approximate 0.78 rad (45) angle to the warp (wale) andfilling (course) directions.9.2.1 Take three specimens from each laboratory unit. Takethe specimens evenly spaced across the width of the laboratorysample
41、 or from three different panels in a garment. Specimensshould be staggered in such a manner that no two specimenscontain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and otherdistortions. Unless otherwise specified, do not cut specimensnearer the selvage than one tenth the width of the fabric.9.3 Mark
42、replicate specimens in one corner on the face ofthe fabric with the appropriate number 1, 2, or 3.9.4 If loosely woven specimens fray when applying identi-fication markings, cut the specimens with sides parallel to thewarp and filling and ravel the sides no more than 5 mm (0.2 in.)on each side, leav
43、ing the fringe.9.5 Seal the edges of all specimens to a width not exceeding3 mm (.13 in.) on the face of the fabric with adhesive. Hang thespecimens on racks until dry, and in any case for at least 2 h.NOTE 3Full-strength adhesive or any dilution down to 1 part adhesivewith 1 part water may be used
44、(see 7.1). Pressing the adhesive into thespecimen face may be accomplished using the dispensing nozzle in aclosed configuration. The rounded end of a glass stirring rod works well,also, but caution should be used to prevent breakage and possible injuryfrom broken glass.10. Preparation of Apparatus10
45、.1 Fit a cork liner snugly around the inside of a cleanedtest chamber with an unused cork surface facing the rotorblades. The side against the chamber may or may not have beenused. To eliminate any tendency for the liner to rotate, tape theoutside edge of the liner to the chamber wall at the butt jo
46、intwith a short piece of 25-mm (1-in.) wide masking tape.10.1.1 Discard cork liners that have been used for1honeach surface.10.2 After every hour of machine running time, remove theliner and clean the impeller by wiping with a cloth wetted in asolution of detergent and water. Allow the chamber to dr
47、ybefore the next use.5Cotton dyed to a medium gray shade before carding using a colorfast reactiveblack dye and standard reactive dyeing procedure. Cotton sliver is availablecommercially.TABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 1)A0.78 rad (45)LightboxB0
48、.78 rad (45)LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determined by the buyer and supplierAThe source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time isStandard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide
49、this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.BAvailable commercially.D 3512 05 (2007)e1310.3 Check the operation of the pilling tester with one ormore standard in-house fabrics of known pilling resistance asfollows:10.3.1 If the equipment is in constant use, check the tester atleast once a week; if testing is done infrequently, check theequipment each time it is used. Check, also, when test resultsappear questionable, or following a change in te
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