1、Designation: D3549/D3549M 11Standard Test Method forThickness or Height of Compacted Bituminous PavingMixture Specimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3549/D3549M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determination of the thickness(or height) of compacted bituminous paving mixtur
3、e speci-mens.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in n
4、on-conformance with the standard.1.2.1 Section 6.4 specifies SI units because they are theunits used in the equations for ASTM D 1188 and D 2726.Performing calculations without first converting any measure-ments made in inch-pound units to SI units in Section 6.4 willresult in non-conformance with t
5、he standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
6、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1188 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using CoatedSamplesD2726 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous MixturesD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Ag
7、en-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 The thickness of a compacted bituminous paving mix-ture is often used as a construction check to ensure that theproper quantity of materials has been placed on a project andto correct strength measurement on constant
8、diameter speci-mens with varying heights.NOTE 1The text of this test method references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excludingthose in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of thetest method.NOTE 2The quality of the results pr
9、oduced by this standard aredependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedureand the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Standard Practice D3666 are generallyconsidered capable of competent and objective testing/samplin
10、g/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance withPractice D3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; following the suggestions of PracticeD3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means ofevaluating and contr
11、olling some of those factors.4. Apparatus4.1 Any of the following apparatus may be used to measurethe dimensions of test specimens to the nearest 0.1 cm 1/16in.:NOTE 3The specifying agency may establish alternate unit require-ments for measurement.4.1.1 A metal tape or rule.4.1.2 A set of calipers.4
12、.1.3 A measurement jig or other device, fabricated in sucha manner that it is capable of measuring specimen thicknessesin accordance with this procedure.5. Test Specimens5.1 Test specimens shall be laboratory compacted or fromcompacted bituminous pavements.5.2 Pavement test specimens shall be taken
13、with a core drill,diamond or carborundum saw, or by other suitable means.5.2.1 Thickness measurements shall not be made on anyspecimen that has been distorted or cracked in removal fromthe pavement, laboratory compaction molds, or during storageprior to measuring.5.2.2 Specimens shall be free of for
14、eign materials such asseal coat, foundation material, soil, paper, or foil.5.2.3 Where desirable, specimens may be separated fromother layers by sawing, shearing or other suitable means,provided a well defined construction plane is achieved.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ
15、ee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D3549 93a 03. DOI:10.
16、1520/D3549_D3459M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
17、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Procedure6.1 The thickness of specimens shall be determined eitherdirectly through measurement using a tape, rule, calipers,measurement jig, or other suitable device (Method A) orthrough a combination of measurements of su
18、rface area andcalculations using density as determined according to D1188 orD2726 (Method B).Method A6.2 Thickness of specimens with relatively plane horizontalsurfaces or layers with well defined, uniform lines of demar-cation may be measured with a tape, rule, or calipers inaccordance with the fol
19、lowing:6.2.1 Measure the thickness of the specimen or layer usingany of the apparatus described in 4.1. Make thickness mea-surements approximately perpendicular to the upper plane ofthe specimen. Measure between upper and lower surfaces,between a well-defined construction demarcation line andeither
20、the upper or lower surface, or between two well-definedconstruction demarcation lines.6.2.2 Make four measurements at approximately quarterpoints on the periphery of cores or at the approximate midpointof each of the four sides of rectangular, sawed specimens.Record the average of these measurements
21、 as the thickness ofthe specimen.6.3 Alternatively, the average thickness of specimens withrelatively plane horizontal surfaces may be measured by meansof measurement jig or other suitable device, provided thedevice yields results consistently within 6 0.3 cm 6 1/8 in.of those obtained in accordance
22、 with 6.2.Method B6.4 Specimens of dense bituminous paving mixtures (lessthan 10 % air voids) with uniform vertical boundaries mayhave the thickness determined by dividing the volume of thespecimen by its cross-sectional area in accordance with thefollowing procedure:NOTE 4Examples are laboratory-co
23、mpacted test specimens preparedfor Marshall test and pavement cores or specimens cut with diamond coredrills or diamond rotary saw blades.NOTE 5Specimens cut from the pavement with hand-held or power-operated chisels should be trimmed by abrasion or diamond sawing toremove any distorted areas prior
24、to measuring.6.4.1 Determine the area in square centimeters of a horizon-tal plane through the specimen approximately equidistant fromthe upper and lower surface and approximately perpendicularto the vertical sides of the specimen.6.4.2 Determine the volume in cubic centimeters of thespecimen by eit
25、her Test Method D1188 or D2726.NOTE 6The following equations represent the volume determinationsof the specimens in Test Methods D1188 or D2726, respectively:Volume cm35D 2 E 2 D 2 A!/F1orB 2 C1(1)where:A = mass of the dry specimen in air, gB = mass of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, gC =
26、 mass of the specimen in water, gD = mass of dry, coated specimen, g,E = mass of coated specimen under water, g,F = specific gravity of coating determined at 25C (77F).The denominator is the density of water in g/cm3or mg/m3, which forthe purpose of this test is considered to be unity.6.4.3 Calculat
27、e the average thickness of the specimen asfollows using the area determination from 6.4.1 and the volumedetermination from 6.4.2:Thickness, cm 5Volume cm3!Area cm2!(2)7. Report7.1 Report the thickness (or height) of the specimen as theaverage thickness determined by any of the procedures de-scribed
28、in 6.2 through 6.4. Report to the thickness to thenearest 0.1 cm 1/16 inch if Method A was used. Report thethickness to the nearest 0.1 cm if Method B was used.NOTE 7The specifying agency may establish alternate unit require-ments for measurement.7.2 Indicate on the report which of the three procedu
29、res wasused to determine the thickness, that is, measurement by tape,rule, or calipers (6.2), measurement jig (6.3), or calculatedfrom volume/area (6.4).8. Precision38.1 English Units8.2 SI Units8.3 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias for this test meth
30、od, nostatement on bias is given.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D04-1021.D3549/D3549M 112APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT THICKNESS VARIABILITY DATATest and Type IndexStandard Deviation,
31、Inches (1s)AcceptableRange of TwoTest Results,Inches (d2s)Diameter MeasurementsASingle-operator precision 0.007 0.021Multilaboratory precision 0.010 0.027Height MeasurementsBSingle-operator precisionMarshall SMAC0.009 0.026Gyratory 0.004 0.011Cores 0.023 0.064Multilaboratory precisionMarshall SMA 0.
32、013 0.037Gyratory 0.016 0.047Cores 0.044 0.125AFifteen operators, using a range of measurement devices (excluding jigs)measured the diameter of 5 samples (2 cores, 2 gyratory compacted samples, and1 Marshall-compacted stone matrix asphalt mix).BTwenty operators, using a range of measurement devices
33、(excluding jigs)measured the heights of the same samples.CSMA: Stone Matrix Asphalt.Test and Type IndexStandard Deviation,cm (1s)AcceptableRange of TwoTest Results,cm (d2s)Diameter MeasurementsASingle-operator precision 0.0178 0.0503Multilaboratory precision 0.0254 0.0718Height MeasurementsBSingle-o
34、perator precisionMarshall SMAC0.0229 0.0648Gyratory 0.0102 0.0288Cores 0.00584 0.1652Multilaboratory precisionMarshall SMA 0.0330 0.0933Gyratory 0.0406 0.1148Cores 0.1118 0.3162AFifteen operators, using a range of measurement devices (excluding jigs)measured the diameter of 5 samples (2 cores, 2 gyr
35、atory compacted samples, and1 Marshall-compacted stone matrix asphalt mix).BTwenty operators, using a range of measurement devices (excluding jigs)measured the heights of the same samples.CSMA: Stone Matrix Asphalt.TABLE X1.1 Bituminous Pavement Thickness VariabilityGrouped Data from a Number of Rep
36、ortsThickness Range, in. Standard DeviationCoefficient ofVariation, %1.0 to 1.9 0.21 14.72.0 to 2.9 0.29 13.03.0 to 3.9 0.37 11.34.0 to 4.9 0.53 12.56.0 0.75 12.5D3549/D3549M 113ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item men
37、tionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee
38、 and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetin
39、g of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
40、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D3549/D3549M 114
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