1、Designation: D3550/D3550M 17Standard Practice forThick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling ofSoils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3550/D3550M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers proce
3、dure for thick wall, split barreldrive sampling of soil to obtain representative samples of soilfor classification and laboratory testing. The sampler is con-sidered to be a thick wall sampler with sharpened cutting shoeand ball check vent. The middle barrel section is split barreldesign containing
4、ring liners. The sampler is often driven, butcan also be pushed in softer deposits. Penetration resistancedata may be recorded. This standard uses procedures similar toTest Method D1586 on Penetration Resistance and Split BarrelSampling of Soils. However, in this practice, differing hammerweights, d
5、rop heights, and different size samplers are used, sothe data must not be reported as conforming to Test MethodD1586 and cannot be used to determine Normalized penetra-tion resistance data for sands in accordance with PracticeD6066.1.2 This practice involves use of rotary drilling equipment(Guide D5
6、783, Practice D6151). Other drilling and samplingprocedures (Guide D6286, Guide D6169) are available andmay be more appropriate. Considerations for hand driving orshallow sampling without boreholes are not addressed. Sub-surface explorations should be recorded in accordance withGuide D5434. Soil sam
7、ples should be classified in accordancewith Practice D2488.1.3 The soil samples from this test will have some degree ofdisturbance because the sampler is a driven thick walledsample tube. Table 2 of Guide D6169 on Soil and RockSampling provides guidance for selection of soil samplers forsamples that
8、 may require intact samples defined by Terminol-ogy D653 for laboratory testing. The degree of disturbancemust be evaluated by the user (engineer) to determine thesuitability of the sample for use in laboratory tests. If samplesare not suitable for laboratory testing, other soil samplersshould be us
9、ed (see 4.4.1).1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitspresented in brackets are to be regarded separately asstandard. The values stated in each system may not be exactequivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independentlyof the other. Combining values from the two syste
10、ms mayresult in non-conformance with the standard1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to theguidelines for significant digits and rounding established inPractice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.1.6 This practice offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of
11、options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgement. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable inall circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended torepresent or repla
12、ce the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be applied without consideration of aprojects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM cons
13、ensus process.1.6.1 This practice does not purport to comprehensivelyaddress all of the methods and the issues associated with soilsampling. Users should seek qualified professionals for thedecisions as to the proper equipment and methods that wouldbe most successful for their site exploration. Othe
14、r methodsmay be available for monitoring soil sampling and qualifiedprofessionals should have flexibility to exercise judgement asto possible alternatives not covered in this practice.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is ther
15、esponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices. The user must comply withprevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (OccupationalHealth and Safety Administration) guidelines while using this1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18
16、 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved April 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3550 01(2007),which was withdrawn Ja
17、nuary 2016 and reinstated in April 2017. DOI: 10.1520/D3550_D3550M-17.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accorda
18、nce with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1practice. For good safety practice
19、, consult applicable OSHAregulations and other safety guides on drilling.21.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Re
20、com-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Th
21、in-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Descript
22、ion and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD4546 Test Methods for One-Dimensi
23、onal Swell or Col-lapse of SoilsD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and RockD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explorationand the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-ing DevicesD6026 Practice for
24、 Using Significant Digits in GeotechnicalDataD6066 Practice for Determining the Normalized PenetrationResistance of Sands for Evaluation of Liquefaction Poten-tialD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-StemAugers for Geotech-nical Exploration and Soil SamplingD6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Samp
25、lingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gationsD6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environ-mental Site Characterization3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, referto Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 The thick-
26、wall ring lined drive sampler has been usedfor over 50 years in the arid southwest regions of the U.S.where unsaturated soils are too difficult to sample using thethin-walled tube (Practice D1587). Variations of the samplerinclude names such as “Dames and Moore, California, Modi-fied California barr
27、els” with outside barrel diameters rangingfrom 2.5 to 3.5 in. 60-90 mm.4In addition to the blow count,these drive samplers have the added benefit of having a ringlined specimens that can be evaluated in the laboratory.Versions of the original Dames and Moore type sampler shownin Fig. 1 are still use
28、d, but many now use the Diamond DrillCore ManufacturersAssociation (DCDMA)5specification splitbarrel drive samplers Fig. 2. The ring lined samplers normallyhave provisions for a 6-in. 150 mm waste barrel with orwithout rings in the top section of the barrel. Drilling in theunsaturated soils is perfo
29、rmed almost exclusively with hollow-stem augers (Practice D6151) because it is a dry drillingmethod. The test can be performed in fluid rotary or other drillholes but use of fluid rotary methods are not recommended inunsaturated soils as the drill fluid may alter the sampleproperties. Most operators
30、 use a 140 lb 75 kg hammer massbut other hammer masses may be used.4.2 This practice is used for general soil explorations wheresamples are required for identification and testing. Disturbedsamples can be classified in accordance with Practice D2487and can be tested for water content, particle size,
31、 and Atterberglimits.4.3 The sampler can be driven with a hammer and thepenetration resistance can be recorded. Numerous combina-tions of hammer size and drop height have been used inpractice. Hammer size and drop height should be reported.Users of this practice have derived local correlations ofpen
32、etration resistance and engineering properties based onlocal conditions and a particular hammer system and sampler,however, the penetration resistance may differ from TestMethod D1586.4.4 The sampler can be equipped with stacked ring liners,which can be used directly for other laboratory tests. The
33、labtests are combined with the penetration resistance data, forestimates of soil engineering properties based on engineeringexperience.NOTE 1The most common lab tests are one dimensional consolidationor swell or collapse with wetting, determination of trimmed density, anddirect shear testing.4.4.1 T
34、he engineer in charge of the exploration is respon-sible for evaluating the suitability of the samples for labtesting, evaluating the test result data quality, and for how andwhat data are to be used in design. If the samples and test2Drilling Safety Guide, National Drilling Association, 6089 Frantz
35、 Rd. Suite101, Dublin, Ohio, 43017.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Problems and Some Solutio
36、ns in Geotechnical Sampling, H.E. Davis, http:/www.quest-ech.biz/Pages/Geotechnical%20Sampling.htm5DCDMA Technical Manual, National Drilling Association, 6089 Frantz Rd.Suite 101, Dublin, Ohio 43017, 1991.D3550/D3550M 172results are not suitable, the user should specify other methodsto obtain soil s
37、amples such Thin-wall Tubes (Practice D1587)for soft soils or rotary soil core barrels (Guide D6169)orhollow-stem auger soil cores (Practice D6151) for harder soils.4.5 This standard addresses sampling in drill holes withdrilling equipment. The sampler can be hand driven or drivenin test pits withou
38、t drilling equipment. If these special drivingmethods are used the sampling process should be reported.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet t
39、hecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective sampling. Users of this practice are cautioned that compli-ance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means ofevaluating
40、 some of those factors.Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the laboratorytesting and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such, it is not totallyapplicable to agencies performing this practice. However, user of thispractice should recognize that the framework of practice D3740 isappro
41、priate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing thispractice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority thatinspects agencies that perform this practice.5. Apparatus5.1 Drilling EquipmentAny drilling equipment may beused that provides a reasonably clean hole before insertio
42、n ofthe sampler and that does not disturb the soil to be sampled(Guide D6286). The most common method for testing inunsaturated soils is to use top head drive rotary hollow-stemauger dry drilling methods (Practice D6151). If fluid rotarymethods are used, bottom discharge bits should be avoided asthe
43、y could disturb the sampling interval and side-discharge bitsare preferable.5.2 Drive Weight AssemblyAny drive weight assemblythat will provide penetration in the range from 1 to 100 blowsper foot 0.30 m may be used. In soft soils, if the sample isdesired for laboratory testing, the sample may be pu
44、shed toreduce disturbance.5.3 Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling AssemblyThis shall con-sist of a shoe, sample barrel, and waste barrel (extension), andhead with check valve, vents, and threaded connector (Head)for drill rod, as shown in Fig. 2. Typical outside diameters ofthe barrel range from 2.0 to 3.5 i
45、n. 50 to 90 mm. Fig. 2 isreproduced from the DCDMA manual5to illustrate typicaldimensions. Other sampler designs can be used as long as thesampler dimensions have similar proportions and are reportedon the boring log. The total sampler assembly length istypically 2 ft 0.6 m. The length should be two
46、 digits or awhole number such as 2 ft 0.6 m such that it is easy to recordsampling depth intervals to the nearest 0.1 ft 50 mm or better.5.4 Ring-Lined SamplerTest specimens shall be obtainedusing a suitable split barrel or solid barrel lined on the insidewith removable rings or liners. These rings
47、or liners shall bethin-walled and shall conform to the size requirements of theparticular laboratory test determinations employed. They shallfit snugly inside the sampler with no discernible free play inany direction. Rings are often brass, steel, or stainless steel, butcan be made of any material o
48、f adequate strength and resis-tance to corrosion. The sampler may be sectionalized to allowend-to-end make-up of sections as necessary. Each sectionshall be designed so that addition or removal of sections willnot loosen, permit movement, or otherwise adversely affectretention of the rings within th
49、e sampler. The sampler and ringsshall be free of bumps, dents, scratches, rust, dirt, andcorrosion.FIG. 1 Original “Dames and Moore” Type Ring Lined Drive Sam-plerD3550/D3550M 173NOTE 3It is recommended that the sampler contain at least four totwelve rings or one to two liners in order to provide samples for a varietyof tests. The ring height should be equal to or less than its inside diameter.5.5 Waste BarrelA waste barrel that can be removed fromthe sampler in the field shall be provided to contain space fordisturbed soil originally at the bottom of t
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