ASTM D3556-1985(2001) Standard Test Method for Deposition on Glassware During Mechanical Dishwashing《在机械洗碟过程中污物在玻璃器皿上沉积的试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: D 3556 85 (Reapproved 2001)Standard Test Method forDeposition on Glassware During Mechanical Dishwashing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3556; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y

2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuringperformance of a mechanical dishwashing detergent in terms of

3、the buildup of spots and film on glassware. It is designed toevaluate household automatic dishwasher detergents but can beused as a screening test for institutional dishwashing products.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is th

4、eresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Summary of Test Method2.1 Glass tumblers are given multiple washes in a mechani-cal dishwasher in the presence of food soil an

5、d the levels ofspotting and filming allowed by the detergents under test arecompared visually.3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended as a laboratory screeningtest to determine performance of the detergent under actual useconditions, but will not necessarily predict performance under

6、all end-use conditions.4. Apparatus4.1 Automatic Dishwasher(s)Typical household machinesshould be selected. If more than one machine is required, pairswith consecutive production numbers are recommended. Forfurther refinement, two or more pairs of differing makes,models, or ages (pair to pair) may b

7、e used.4.2 Clear Undecorated Glass Tumblers,2from8to15permachine, a larger number being used if it is planned to removeone tumbler at intervals throughout the test (see Section 6). Tentumblers simplify scoring.4.2.1 Before each use, even if new, the glass tumblers maybe cleaned in a machine, first i

8、n a 1 % solution of citric acidand then with a household automatic dishwashing detergent atthe manufacturers recommended use level, each in a normalwash cycle. Use deionized or distilled water for the rinsesduring this cleaning procedure. Do not use the drying cycle ofthe machine until the tumblers

9、appear to be free of soil or film.No “water break” should be evident when the tumblers havebeen rinsed. Any other procedure (such as hand washing andpolishing) which yields tumblers that are spot- and film-freemay be used.4.3 Standard Tableware (Note 1) (optional, see Section 6):4.3.1 Suggested tabl

10、eware is as follows, Dinner plates,10-in. diameter, Salad plates, 7-in. diameter, Cereal bowls,6-in. diameter, Saucers, 6-in. diameter, and Cutlery, stainlesssteel.NOTE 1A mixture of china and plastic dishes is recommended but isnot essential; any standard quality type of dishware is satisfactory.4.

11、3.2 For each machine used, six dinner plates, six knives,six forks, and six spoons are required, plus optionally enoughof the other dishes to fill the lower rack of each machine (seeSection 6).4.4 Light Box for Visual Evaluation of TumblersA typicallight box is rectangular, open to the front, and ha

12、s dead blackinside surfaces. It is large enough to hold up to 15 tumblers sideby side. Fluorescent lights are mounted in the base of the boxin such a manner that light passes up through the tumblers. Itis preferable to have the light come only through the tumblersand have the area surrounding them b

13、locked out by suitablemeans.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Standard Food Soil Components:3nonfat powderedmilk, margarine, and wheat-based cooked cereal (optional).5.2 Standard Food Soil PreparationA mixture of 80weight % of margarine and 20 weight % of powdered milk isprepared. The margarine is war

14、med until fluid (not over 100F(37.8C) and the powdered milk is sifted in and mixedthoroughly. The mixture should be refrigerated when not in useand not kept more than 2 weeks.5.3 Optional Food Soil PreparationThis mixture consistsof 70 % margarine, 15 % powdered milk, and 15 % cookedcereal. The cook

15、ed cereal is separately prepared as follows:Add 45 g of cereal to 228 g of water, heat to boiling, and boilfor 5 min. Dissolve 100 g of powdered milk in 500 g of waterand stir this solution into the cooked cereal. Continue stirringas portions are removed to be combined with margarine and1This test m

16、ethod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soapsand Other Detergents, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.16 onHard Surface Cleaning.Current edition approved May 31, 1985. Published July 1985. Originallypublished as D 355676 T. Last previous edition D 355679.2Libby No.

17、 53, 10-oz (300-mL) size or Federal No. 812, 10.5-oz, (310-mL) size,have been found satisfactory.3Any commercial brand of these items is satisfactory.1Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.powdered milk that have been blended as in 5.2. This mixturesh

18、ould be made up as required. (Use of this optional soil makesthe test more realistic by adding another difficult-to-removecomponent.)6. Procedure6.1 Distribute a total of 40 g of food soil on the six dinnerplates, using a spatula or a food brush. Load the machine asfollows: In the lower (plate) rack

19、, distribute the six soileddinner plates uniformly with the smaller plates and bowls, ifused (Note 2), placed alternately about the dinner plates untilthe rack is fully loaded. In the upper (glass) rack, distribute theglass tumblers evenly. If eight or ten are used, place them alongeach side, four o

20、r five to a side. Optionally, use extra tumblers,so that one can be removed periodically for comparativepurposes.NOTE 2Optionally the smaller chinaware pieces may be omitted andonly dinner plates used.6.1.1 In the silverware rack or holder, place six each of thestainless steel knives, forks, and spo

21、ons.6.2 Water TemperatureMaintain a water temperature of130 6 5F (54.4 6 3.8C) in the dishwasher. (The watersupply may have to be controlled at a higher temperaturebecause of heat losses in the piping etc.) Preheat the machineby running a preliminary cycle with the machine empty. Allowthe contents o

22、f the machine to cool to about 75F (23.9C)before making evaluations or starting another wash cycle.6.3 Water QualityUse water of consistent hardness andwell-defined composition. If only one test is made, use a levelof 150 ppm (about 9 grains/gal). Test in both hard and soft (0to 50 ppm) water, since

23、 water hardness is a very critical factorin these tests. It is preferable to make up a synthetic hard waterusing deionized or distilled water to which calcium andmagnesium salts have been added. Use a 2:1 ratio of calciumto magnesium ion. If natural water is used it should becharacterized as to tota

24、l hardness (ppm), bicarbonate content(ppm), Ca:Mg mole ratio, total solids, and content of tracemetals such as iron, all of which can affect test results. Thereshall be mutual agreement between laboratories as to thequality and hardness of the water used.6.4 Detergent ConcentrationUse the quantity o

25、f detergentspecified by the manufacturer. For a thorough investigation,evaluate at over and under usage.6.5 Number of CyclesMultiple cycles, with the food soilreapplied after each one, are needed to obtain significantcomparisons. From 5 to 15 cycles are usually required.6.6 RatingRate the tumblers v

26、isually after each cycle forfilm and spotting. For these evaluations, view the tumblersupside down in the light box described in 4.4 (in handling, pickup the tumblers by the base to avoid fingerprints on the sides).Use the following scale for rating the tumblers:Rating Spotting Filming1 no spots non

27、e2 spots at random barely perceptible3 about14 of surface covered slight4 about12 of surface covered moderate5 virtually completely covered heavy6.6.1 When several machines and sets of tumblers are usedin the same test series, rate each set of tumblers against theother.6.6.2 Obtain number ratings by

28、 averaging the ratings forindividual tumblers, keeping spotting and filming results sepa-rate. Levels of acceptability may be agreed upon by thelaboratories involved. Photographs of the tumblers in the lightbox make reasonably accurate standards for comparison.6.6.3 Use 8 tumblers throughout the tes

29、t, or optionally, 15may be used initially with one representative tumbler beingremoved periodically, as for example after the fourth, sixth,eighth, tenth, etc. cycles.7. Precision and Bias7.1 Since the variability that is inevitable when natural soilsare used is inherent in this test, it does not ha

30、ve the precisionor reproducibility of an analytical determination.The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connectionwith any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determinat

31、ion of the validity of any suchpatent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withd

32、rawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have

33、 not received a fair hearing you should make yourviews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (www.astm.org).D 35562