1、Designation: D 3574 08Standard Test Methods forFlexible Cellular MaterialsSlab, Bonded, and MoldedUrethane Foams1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3574; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods apply to slab,
3、bonded, and moldedflexible cellular products known as urethane foams. Urethanefoam may be generally defined as an expanded cellular productproduced by the interaction of active hydrogen compounds,water, and isocyanates.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
4、associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equi
5、valent to this standard, howevercertain test methods in this standard have similar or equivalent ISOstandards and are listed in the scope of the individual test method sections.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 6
6、24 Test Method for Tear Strength of ConventionalVulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersD 726 Test Method for Resistance of Nonporous Paper toPassage of AirD 737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile FabricsD 3576 Test Method for Cell Size of Rigid Cellular PlasticsD 3675 Test Method for
7、 Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlabo
8、ratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bonded foama product produced by the adhesion ofsmall pieces of urethane foam to each other with a suitablebonding agent.3.1.2 corethe internal portion of a molded part, free
9、 ofskin.3.1.3 cored foama flexible cellular material containing amultiplicity of holes (usually, but not necessarily, cylindrical inshape), molded or cut into the material in some pattern,normally perpendicular to the foam rise direction, and extend-ing part or all the way through the piece.3.1.4 co
10、nvoluted foama flexible cellular material spe-cially cut into sheets with “egg carton”-like dimples. Thedimple peaks and bases can have varied shapes and dimen-sions.3.1.5 flexible cellular producta cellular organic polymericmaterial that will not rupture when a specimen 200 by 25 by 25mm is bent ar
11、ound a 25-mm diameter mandrel at a uniform rateofonelapin5satatemperature between 18 and 29C.3.1.6 molded foama cellular product having the shape ofthe enclosed chamber in which it is produced by foaming.3.1.7 skinthe smooth surface layer of a molded foamproduct, formed by contact with the mold or s
12、urfaces.3.1.8 slaba section of foam that is cut from the internalportion of a large bun.3.1.9 urethane foama flexible cellular product producedby the interaction of active hydrogen compounds, water, andisocyanates.3.1.10 viscoelastic foama specially formulated urethanefoam characterized by having sl
13、ow recovery, low resilience,and high hysteresis loss.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.22 on CellularMaterials - Plastics and Elastomers.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published September 2008
14、. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 3574 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
15、e onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.11 cell counta measurement used to characterize dif-ferent types of foams based on the size of
16、 the individual cellsin the foam matrix, typically expressed as either average celldiameter or as the number of cells per linear distance. Formeasuring cell counts, see Test Method D 35764. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Unless specifically stated otherwise between the sup-plier and the purchaser, all t
17、ests shall be made in accordancewith the methods specified in Sections 9-124 which include testprocedures for the following:Tests: SectionsTest A Density Test 9-15Test B1Indentation Force Deflection TestSpecifiedDeflection (IFD) 16-22Test B2Indentation Indentation Residual Gage LengthTestSpecifiedFo
18、rce (IRGL)23-29Test C Compression Force Deflection Test 30-36Test D Constant Deflection Compression Set Test 37-44Test E Tensile Test 45-52Test F Tear Resistance Test 53-60Test G Air Flow Test 61-67Test H Resilience (Ball Rebound) Test 68-75Test I1Static Force Loss Test at Constant Deflection77-85Te
19、st I2Dynamic Fatigue Test by the Roller Shear atConstant Force, 86-94Test I3Dynamic Fatigue Test by Constant ForcePounding 95-103Test I4Dynamic Fatigue Test for Carpet Cushion 104-112Aging Test J Steam Autoclave Aging 113-118Aging Test K Dry Heat Aging 119-124Aging Test L Wet Heat Aging 125-130Test
20、M Recovery Time 131-136Appendixes:X1. Suggested Method for Specifying Flexible Urethane FoamsX2. Suggested Method of Construction for a Roller Shear Dynamic Flex Fa-tigue ApparatusX3. Definitions of Terms Used to Describe the Force-Deflection Curve ofFlexible Urethane FoamX4. Suggested Tests for Det
21、ermining Combustibility of Flexible UrethaneFoam. (The combustion tests are given for informational purposes onlyand are not part of the standard.)X5. Suggested Method for Verification of an Inclined Oil ManometerX6. Suggested Method for Measuring Hysteresis Loss of Foams5. Significance and Use5.1 T
22、he test procedures provide a standard method ofobtaining data for research and development, quality control,acceptance and rejection under specifications, and specialpurposes.5.2 The data obtained by these test methods are applicableto the material under conditions of the particular test and arenot
23、necessarily the same as obtained in other environments inuse.6. General Test Conditions6.1 Tests shall be conducted under known conditions oftemperature and humidity or as specified in the individual testprocedure. The product shall be conditioned undeflected, andundistorted at the temperature and h
24、umidity of test for at least12 h before being tested. In cases of dispute, the tests shall bemade at a temperature of 23 6 2C and in an atmosphere of 506 5 % relative humidity.6.2 It is recommended for referee purposes that all testsshall be performed 7 days or more after the foam has beenmanufactur
25、ed.7. Sampling7.1 When possible, the completed manufactured productshall be used for the test specified. Representative samples ofthe lot being examined shall be selected at random as required.7.2 When it is necessary or advisable to obtain specimensfrom the articles, as in those cases where the ent
26、ire sample isnot required or adaptable for testing, the method of cutting andthe exact position from which specimens are to be taken shallbe specified. The density and the state of cure may vary indifferent parts of the finished product, especially if the article isof complicated shape or of varying
27、 thickness, and these factorsaffect the physical properties of the specimens. Also, thedensity is affected by the number of cut surfaces on thespecimen. If a test specimen is die cut, sufficient time should beallowed for complete recovery of the thickness across the fullwidth of the specimen.7.3 Whe
28、n the finished molded product does not lend itself totesting or to the taking of specimens because of complicatedshape, small size, metal or fabric inserts, adhesion to metal, orother reasons, molded test slabs as agreed upon between thesupplier and the purchaser shall be prepared.7.4 When differenc
29、es in test results arise due to the difficultyin obtaining suitable specimens from the finished parts, thesupplier and the purchaser may agree upon an acceptablelocation to take the specimen.8. Measurement of Test Specimens8.1 Measure the length and width with a scale or tape. Takecare not to distor
30、t the foam.8.2 Measure thickness up to and including 25 mm using adial-type gauge with a minimum foot area of 650 mm2. Holdthe pressure of the dial foot to a maximum of 800 Pa (see Note2). Thicknesses over 25 mm may be measured with a dialgauge, a sliding caliper gauge, or as specified in 8.1. When
31、asliding caliper gauge is employed, make the gauge setting withthe gauge out of contact with the foam. Pass the specimenthrough the previously set gauge; the proper setting shall be theone when the measuring faces of the gauge contact the surfacesof the specimen without compressing it.NOTE 2For soft
32、 foams having compression force deflection valuesless than 1.65 kPa, the pressure on the dial foot shall not exceed 200 Pa.8.3 The scale, tape, or gauge shall be graduated so as topermit measurements within 61 % of the dimensions to bemeasured.8.4 Unless otherwise specified, results shall be the mea
33、n ofthe measurements.TEST ADENSITY TEST9. Scope9.1 This test method covers determination of the density ofuncored foam by calculation from the mass and volume of thespecimen. The density value thus obtained applies only to theD3574082immediate area from which the specimen has been taken. Itdoes not
34、necessarily relate to the bulk density of the entiremolded pad.NOTE 3This standard is equivalent to ISO 845.10. Test Specimen10.1 Core DensityA representative specimen of regularshape, circular or square without skins or densification lines,not less than 1000 mm3in volume, shall be cut from a portio
35、nfree of voids and defects and as near as possible to the sectionfrom which the tension and tear specimens were taken.10.2 Section DensityArepresentative specimen with skinson the top and bottom surface measuring at least 0.1 m2in areaby full-part thickness shall be cut from an area free of voidsand
36、 defects and as near as possible to the location from whichthe tension and tear specimens were taken. When thesedimensions are not possible, the largest representative portionas agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser shall beused.11. Number of Specimens11.1 One specimen shall be tested,
37、unless otherwise agreedupon by the supplier and the purchaser.12. Procedure12.1 Determine the mass of the specimen within 1 %.12.2 Determine the dimensions of the specimen in accor-dance with Section 8, and calculate the volume.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate the density in kilograms per cubic metre a
38、sfollows:Density 5 M/V 3 106(1)where:M = mass of specimen, g, andV = volume of specimen, mm3.14. Report14.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 Density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3, and14.1.2 Type of specimen, core or section.15. Precision and Bias15.1 See Section 137 for Precision and Bias statemen
39、ts.TEST B1INDENTATION FORCE DEFLECTIONTESTSPECIFIED DEFLECTION (IFD)16. Scope16.1 This will be known as the indentation force deflectiontest and the results as the IFD values. This test consists ofmeasuring the force necessary to produce designated indenta-tions in the foam product, for example, 25
40、and 65 % deflec-tions. (Appendix X3).NOTE 4This standard and ISO 2439 address the same subject matter,but differ in technical content and results cannot be directly comparedbetween the two methods.17. Apparatus17.1 An apparatus having a flat circular indentor foot 203mm in diameter connected by mean
41、s of a swivel joint capableof accommodating the angle of the sample to a force-measuring device and mounted in such a manner that theproduct or specimen can be deflected at a speed of 50 to 500mm/min. The apparatus shall be arranged to support thespecimen on a level horizontal plate which is perfora
42、ted withapproximately 6.5-mm holes on approximately 20-mm centersto allow for rapid escape of air during the test. Special supportfor contoured molded pads shall be perforated in the samemanner as the flat plate unless agreed upon between thesupplier and the purchaser. Pads longer than the base plat
43、e shallbe supported from distortion at the 4.5-N contact force.18. Test Specimen18.1 The test specimen shall consist of the entire productsample or a suitable portion of it, except that in no case shallthe specimen have dimensions less than 380 by 380 by 100mm. Specimens less or different than 100 m
44、m in thicknessshall have the thickness noted on the test report.18.2 The IFD values for molded products are dependent onthe specimen dimensions. Higher values are generally obtainedfor specimens that retain all molded surfaces.19. Number of Specimens19.1 One specimen shall be tested, unless otherwis
45、e agreedupon by the supplier and the purchaser.20. Procedure20.1 Place the test specimen in position on the supportingplate of the apparatus. If the product has one side cored orhoneycombed, this face shall rest on the perforated plate. Thespecimen position shall be such that whenever, practicable t
46、heindentation will be made at the center of all articles, exceptwhere another location is agreed upon by the supplier and thepurchaser.20.2 Preflex the area to be tested by twice lowering theindentor foot to a total deflection of 75 to 80 % of the full-partthickness at a rate of 250 6 25 mm/min. Mar
47、k the location ofthe test area with a pen by circumscribing the indentor footwhile under a 4.5-N force. Allow the specimen to rest 6 6 1min after the preflex.20.3 Bring the indentor foot into contact with the specimenand determine the thickness after applying a contact force of4.5 N (Note 5) to the
48、indentor foot. Indent the specimen at 506 5 mm/min 25 % of this thickness and observe the force innewtons after 60 6 3 s. Without removing the specimen,increase the deflection to 65 % deflection, allowing the force todrift while maintaining the 65 % deflection, and again observethe force in newtons
49、after 60 6 3s.NOTE 5For super-soft foam, foam with a 25 % IFD less than 40 N, areduction of pressure on the indentor foot shall be allowed. Sufficientcontact force to make an accurate initial thickness measurement isrequired.21. Report21.1 Report the force in newtons required for 25 and 65 %indentation or other indentations (Note 6). These figures areD3574083known as the 25 % and 65 % IFD values, respectively. Reportlength, width, and thickness of the specimen, if non-standard,and the ratio (support factor Appendix X3) of 65 % to 25 %IFD values.NOTE 6Inde
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