1、Designation: D3574 11Standard Test Methods forFlexible Cellular MaterialsSlab, Bonded, and MoldedUrethane Foams1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3574; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods apply to slab, bo
3、nded, and moldedflexible cellular products known as urethane foams. Urethanefoam is generally defined as an expanded cellular productproduced by the interaction of active hydrogen compounds,water, and isocyanates.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associ
4、ated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent
5、 to this standard, howevercertain test methods in this standard have similar or equivalent ISOstandards and are listed in the scope of the individual test method sections.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD624 Test
6、Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vul-canized Rubber and Thermoplastic ElastomersD737 Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile FabricsD3576 Test Method for Cell Size of Rigid Cellular PlasticsD3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Ener
7、gy SourceE162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definit
8、ions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bonded foama product produced by the adhesion ofsmall pieces of urethane foam to each other with a suitablebonding agent.3.1.2 corethe internal portion of a molded part, free ofskin.3.1.3 cored foama flexible cellular material containing amultiplicity of
9、 holes (usually, but not necessarily, cylindrical inshape), molded or cut into the material in some pattern,normally perpendicular to the foam rise direction, and extend-ing part or all the way through the piece.3.1.4 convoluted foama flexible cellular material spe-cially cut into sheets with “egg c
10、arton”-like dimples. Thedimple peaks and bases can have varied shapes and dimen-sions.3.1.5 flexible cellular producta cellular organic polymericmaterial that will not rupture when a specimen 200 by 25 by 25mm is bent around a 25-mm diameter mandrel at a uniform rateofonelapin5satatemperature betwee
11、n 18 and 29C.3.1.6 molded foama cellular product having the shape ofthe enclosed chamber in which it is produced by foaming.3.1.7 skinthe smooth surface layer of a molded foamproduct, formed by contact with the mold or surfaces.3.1.8 slaba section of foam that is cut from the internalportion of a la
12、rge bun.3.1.9 urethane foama flexible cellular product producedby the interaction of active hydrogen compounds, water, andisocyanates.3.1.10 viscoelastic foama specially formulated urethanefoam characterized by having slow recovery, low resilience,and high hysteresis loss.3.1.11 cell counta measurem
13、ent used to characterize dif-ferent types of foams based on the size of the individual cellsin the foam matrix, typically expressed as either average celldiameter or as the number of cells per linear distance. Formeasuring cell counts, see Test Method D35761These test methods are under the jurisdict
14、ion of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.22 on CellularMaterials - Plastics and Elastomers.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3574 08. DOI:10.1520/D357
15、4-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of thi
16、s standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.12 clickabilitythe ability of a flexible cellular materialto recover from the pinching effects of die cutting.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Unless specifically stated othe
17、rwise between the sup-plier and the purchaser, all tests shall be made in accordancewith the methods specified in Sections 9-133 which include testprocedures for the following:Tests: SectionsTest A Density Test 9-15Test B1Indentation Force Deflection TestSpecifiedDeflection (IFD) 16-22Test B2Indenta
18、tion Residual Gauge Length TestSpecifiedForce (IRGL)23-29Test C Compression Force Deflection Test 30-36Test D Constant Deflection Compression Set Test 37-44Test E Tensile Test 45-52Test F Tear Resistance Test 53-60Test G Air Flow Test 61-67Test H Resilience (Ball Rebound) Test 68-75Test I1Static For
19、ce Loss Test at Constant Deflection77-85Test I2Dynamic Fatigue Test, Roller Shear86-94Test I3Dynamic Fatigue Test, Constant Force Pound-ing 95-103Test I4Dynamic Fatigue Test, Carpet Cushion 104-112Test I5Dynamic Fatigue Test, Constant DeflectionPounding113121Aging Test J Steam Autoclave Aging 122-12
20、7Aging Test K Dry Heat Aging 128-133Aging Test L Wet Heat Aging 134-139Test M Recovery Time 140-145Appendixes:X1. Suggested Method for Specifying Flexible Urethane FoamsX2. Suggested Method of Construction for a Roller Shear Dynamic Flex Fa-tigue ApparatusX3. Definitions of Terms Used to Describe th
21、e Force-Deflection Curve ofFlexible Urethane FoamX4. Suggested Tests for Determining Combustibility of Flexible UrethaneFoam. (The combustion tests are given for informational purposes onlyand are not part of the standard.)X5. Suggested Method for Verification of an Inclined Oil ManometerX6. Suggest
22、ed Method for Measuring Hysteresis Loss of Foams5. Significance and Use5.1 The test procedures provide a standard method ofobtaining data for research and development, quality control,acceptance and rejection under specifications, and specialpurposes.5.2 The data obtained by these test methods are a
23、pplicableto the material under conditions of the particular test and arenot necessarily the same as obtained in other environments inuse.6. General Test Conditions6.1 Tests shall be conducted under known conditions oftemperature and humidity or as specified in the individual testprocedure. The produ
24、ct shall be conditioned undeflected, andundistorted at the temperature and humidity of test for at least12 h before being tested. In cases of dispute, the tests shall bemade at a temperature of 23 6 2C and in an atmosphere of 506 5 % relative humidity.6.2 It is recommended for referee purposes that
25、all testsshall be performed 7 days or more after the foam has beenmanufactured.6.3 For mechanical tests, it is advisable to carefully selectthe proper load cell for each test. It is recommended that theexpected load for any individual test falls within 10-90 % ofthe load cell capacity.7. Sampling7.1
26、 When possible, the completed manufactured productshall be used for the test specified. Representative samples ofthe lot being examined shall be selected at random as required.7.2 When it is necessary or advisable to obtain specimensfrom the articles, as in those cases where the entire sample isnot
27、required or adaptable for testing, the method of cutting andthe exact position from which specimens are to be taken shallbe specified. The density and the state of cure can vary indifferent parts of the finished product, especially if the article isof complicated shape or of varying thickness, and t
28、hese factorsaffect the physical properties of the specimens. Also, thedensity is affected by the number of cut surfaces on thespecimen. If a test specimen is die cut, ensure that the sides arenot concaved and allow sufficient time for complete recoveryof the thickness across the full width of the sp
29、ecimen beforetesting.7.3 When the finished molded product does not lend itself totesting or to the taking of specimens because of complicatedshape, small size, metal or fabric inserts, adhesion to metal, orother reasons, molded test slabs as agreed upon between thesupplier and the purchaser shall be
30、 prepared.7.4 When differences in test results arise due to the difficultyin obtaining suitable specimens from the finished parts, thesupplier and the purchaser shall agree upon an acceptablelocation to take the specimen.8. Measurement of Test Specimens8.1 Measure the length and width with a scale,
31、tape, orcaliper gauge. Take care not to distort the foam.8.2 Measure thickness up to and including 25 mm using aheight or electronic display gauge with a minimum foot area of650 mm2. Hold the pressure of the gauge foot to a maximumof 800 Pa (see Note 2). Thicknesses over 25 mm shall bemeasured with
32、a height or electronic display gauge, a slidingcaliper gauge, or as specified in 8.1. When a sliding calipergauge is employed, make the gauge setting with the gauge outof contact with the foam. Pass the specimen through thepreviously set gauge; the proper setting shall be the one whenthe measuring f
33、aces of the gauge contact the surfaces of thespecimen without compressing it.NOTE 2For soft foams having compression force deflection valuesless than 1.65 kPa, the pressure on the gauge or compression foot shall notexceed 200 Pa.8.3 The scale, tape, or gauge shall be graduated so as topermit measure
34、ments within 61 % of the dimensions to bemeasured.8.4 Unless otherwise specified, results shall be the mean ofthe measurements.D3574 112TEST ADENSITY TEST9. Scope9.1 This test method covers determination of the density ofuncored foam by calculation from the mass and volume of thespecimen. The densit
35、y value thus obtained applies only to theimmediate area from which the specimen has been taken. Itdoes not necessarily relate to the bulk density of the entiremolded pad.NOTE 3This standard is equivalent to ISO 845.10. Test Specimen10.1 Core DensityA representative specimen of regularshape, circular
36、 or square without skins or densification lines,not less than 1000 mm3in volume, shall be cut from a portionfree of voids and defects and as near as possible to the sectionfrom which the tension and tear specimens were taken.10.2 Section DensityArepresentative specimen with skinson the top and botto
37、m surface measuring at least 0.1 m2in areaby full-part thickness shall be cut from an area free of voidsand defects and as near as possible to the location from whichthe tension and tear specimens were taken. When thesedimensions are not possible, the largest representative portionas agreed upon bet
38、ween the supplier and the purchaser shall beused.11. Number of Specimens11.1 One specimen shall be tested, unless otherwise agreedupon by the supplier and the purchaser.12. Procedure12.1 Determine the mass of the specimen within 1 %.12.2 Determine the dimensions of the specimen in accor-dance with S
39、ection 8, and calculate the volume.13. Calculation13.1 Calculate the density in kilograms per cubic metre asfollows:Density 5 M/V 3 106(1)where:M = mass of specimen, g, andV = volume of specimen, mm3.14. Report14.1 Report the following information:14.1.1 Density to the nearest 0.1 kg/m3, and14.1.2 T
40、ype of specimen, core or section.15. Precision and Bias15.1 See Section 146 for Precision and Bias statements.TEST B1INDENTATION FORCE DEFLECTIONTESTSPECIFIED DEFLECTION (IFD)16. Scope16.1 This will be known as the indentation force deflectiontest and the results as the IFD values. This test consist
41、s ofmeasuring the force necessary to produce designated indenta-tions in the foam product, for example, 25 and 65 % deflec-tions. (See Appendix X3 for additional information).NOTE 4This standard and ISO 2439 address the same subject matter,but differ in technical content and results cannot be direct
42、ly comparedbetween the two methods.17. Apparatus17.1 An apparatus having a flat circular indenter foot 200+3/0 mm in diameter connected by means of a swivel jointcapable of accommodating the angle of the sample to aforce-measuring device and mounted in such a manner that theproduct or specimen can b
43、e deflected at a speed of 50 to 250mm/min. The apparatus shall be arranged to support thespecimen on a level horizontal plate which is perforated withapproximately 6.5-mm holes on approximately 20-mm centersto allow for rapid escape of air during the test. Special supportfor contoured molded pads sh
44、all be perforated in the samemanner as the flat plate unless agreed upon between thesupplier and the purchaser. Pads longer than the base plate shallbe supported from distortion at the 4.5-N contact force.NOTE 5Equipment design and test fixturing can affect the results ofthis test. As an example, lo
45、ad cells placed below the support plate canexperience a bridging effect that likely does not occur in equipment whichhas the load cell mounted above the indenter foot.18. Test Specimen18.1 The test specimen shall consist of the entire productsample or a suitable portion of it, except that in no case
46、 shallthe specimen have dimensions less than 380 by 380 by 100mm. Specimens less or different than 100 mm in thicknessshall have the thickness noted on the test report.18.2 The IFD values for molded products are dependent onthe specimen dimensions. Higher values are generally obtainedfor specimens t
47、hat retain all molded surfaces.19. Number of Specimens19.1 One specimen shall be tested, unless otherwise agreedupon by the supplier and the purchaser.20. Procedure20.1 Place the test specimen in position on the supportingplate of the apparatus. If the product has one side cored orhoneycombed, this
48、face shall rest on the perforated plate. Thespecimen position shall be such that whenever, practicable theindentation will be made at the center of all articles, exceptwhere another location is agreed upon by the supplier and thepurchaser.20.2 Preflex the area to be tested by twice lowering andraisi
49、ng the indenter foot to a total deflection of 75 to 80 % ofthe full-part thickness at a rate of 250 6 25 mm/min, allowingthe indenter to fully clear the top of the specimen after eachpreflex. In case repeat testing might be necessary or for fatiguetests, mark the location of the test area with a pen bycircumscribing the indenter foot.Allow the specimen to rest for6 6 1 min after the final preflex.20.3 Bring the indenter foot into contact with the specimenat 50 6 5 mm/min and determine the thickness while applyinga contact force of 4.5 N to the indenter
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