1、Designation:D363398(Reapproved 2006) Designation: D3633 12Standard Test Method forElectrical Resistivity of Membrane-Pavement Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3633; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the electrical resistivity of water-barrier membrane-
3、pavement systems whenapplied to concrete bridge decks.1.2 Measurements shall be performed on the bituminous pavement surface covering the water-barrier membrane.1.3 This test method utilizes a measure of electrical resistance between the saturated top surface of the water-barrier membraneand the rei
4、nforcing steel embedded in the concrete bridge deck.1.4 The values measured represent the electrical resistance obtained with the equipment and procedures stated herein and donot necessarily agree or correlate with those using other equipment or procedures.1.5The values stated in SI units are to be
5、regarded as the standard.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems ma
6、y result in nonconformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulat
7、orylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD3743 Terminology Relating to Bridge Deck and Substructure ProtectionD4071 Practice for Use of Portland Cement Concrete Bridge D
8、eck Water Barrier Membrane SystemsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminology D3743.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method for measuring the electrical resistivity of water-barrier membrane-paveme
9、nt systems may be interpretedto indicate the effectiveness of such systems.4.2 This test method is predicated on the fact that an electrical connection between the surface of the pavement and thereinforcing steel in the concrete pavement cannot be made through an impermeable water-barrier membrane.4
10、.3 This test method may be used for acceptance when the accepting agency specifies the minimum resistance value desired.5. Apparatus5.1 Ohmmeter, dc, 20 000 V/V rating connected to a double-pole, double-throw switch box or ac ohmmeter (switch box notrequired).NOTE 1When this test method is used for
11、acceptance, the accepting agency should specify the type of ohmmeter to be used.5.2 Insulated Wire, No. 18, Belden test probewire or equivalent. Two spools, minimum 38 m (125 ft). 125 ft.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct
12、responsibility of Subcommittee D04.32 on Bridgesand Structures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D363398. DOI:10.1520/D3633-98R06.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published July 2012 . Original
13、ly approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D3633 98(2006). DOI:10.1520/D3633-12.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Docu
14、ment Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM
15、recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 Coppe
16、r Plate, 305 by 305 by 3.0 mm (1212 by 12 by18 in.),in., with the means for connecting the ohmmeter lead anda wooden handle approximately 1 m (39 in.)39 in. in length.5.4 Polyurethane Sponge, 305 by 305 by 13 mm (1212 by 12 by12 in.),in., to be attached to the copper plate with rubber bandsor other
17、suitable means. When assembled this apparatus is called the probe.5.5 Pressure Spray Can, 12-L (3-gal)3-gal capacity, with a hose and spray nozzle.6. Reagent6.1 A wetting agent which, when added to the water, will break the surface tension and promote the penetration of the waterthrough the bitumino
18、us pavement.NOTE 2An example of a wetting agent is a super-saturated solution of cupric sulfate crystals in warm water to which is added 19 mL/gal of DdioctylS sodium S sulfo-succinate (Tradename “Aerosol” OT Clear, 10 %). When ambient test site temperature is below 50F (10C),10C, add 15 % byvolume
19、of either isopropyl or denatured alcohol to prevent clouding of the wetting agent. Clouding of the wetting agent may inhibit penetration.7. Sampling7.1 Determine locations on the bridge deck to be tested by using either a grid pattern similar to that illustrated in Fig. 1 or bya random location syst
20、em, based upon Practice E105 or a similar method, that will ensure that the bridge deck area to be testedwill be adequately represented.8. Procedure8.1 Prepare the surface to be tested by removing all foreign material by sweeping or scraping, or both. Do not use water to clean.The surface mustshall
21、be dry and clean before testing.8.1.1 Locate the reinforcing steel with a pachometer. Drill with a rotary impact hammer at selected locations to expose thereinforcing steel to allow attachment of ohmmeter leads. Alternately, drill until the drill bit contacts the steel firmly to allowohmmeter lead a
22、ttachment.8.2 Uncoil an ample length of wire to reach all areas to be tested, attach the minus () jack of the ohmmeter to the reinforcingsteel and the plus ( + ) jack to the 305 by 305 by 3.0-mm (1212 by 12 by18-in.)-in. copper plate of the probe. Then saturate thesponge with water containing the we
23、tting agent.NOTE 3A direct connection from the ohmmeter to the top layer of reinforcing steel in the deck is desirable. However, if it is not practical to do this,the bridge railing, expansion joints, light standards, drainage scuppers, or other exposed steel, whichthat is known to have contact with
24、 the top mat ofreinforcing steel, may be used to provide this connection.FIG. 1 Layout for Test GridD3633 1228.2.1 Check the ohmmeter battery for satisfactory charge, then zero the ohmmeter dial indicator. Connect the two wire leadsto the ohmmeter and check for circuit continuity.8.2.2 Check for ove
25、rall equipment operation and satisfactory circuit by placing the probe on exposed concrete deck curbing andobserving the resistance reading on the ohmmeter. This reading will normally range from 1000 to 3000 V for various bridge decks.Place the probe at several locations along the curb and observe t
26、he readings, which mustshall remain relatively constant as anindication of a complete electrical circuit and especially to ensure a good contact with the reinforcing steel.NOTE 4Excessive moisture in the pavement would cause invalid resistance readings. To give a measure of assurance against this, t
27、he resistancebetween any two test sites may be checked prior to the testing sequence described in 8.3through , 8.4. This is accomplished by attaching the ohmmeterto two probes, rather than a single probe, and the reinforcing steel. Immediate low readings (10 000 6V) will indicate excessive moisture
28、in thepavement and on top of the membrane and further testing of the entire deck, or at least such identified portions of it, should be postponed.8.3 By means of the pressure spray can containing water mixed with 8 mL/L (1 oz/gal)1 oz/gal of wetting agent, wet a spotat each test location as determin
29、ed in 7.1. Each spot should be large enough to accommodate the probe. Repeat the wetting of eachtest site three to five times in series. Take care that the wetted areas do not interconnect, either on the surface or at the pavementwater-barrier membrane interface.8.3.1 In order to be sure that the ap
30、plied water has penetrated the pavement and is in contact with the water-barrier membrane,select a representative, well-compacted, test location as a check point. After allowing ample time for moisture penetration at alltest sites, place the probe on the check point and determine the resistance with
31、 the test apparatus assembled as described in 8.2.Repeat the wetting of all test sites followed by a determination of the resistance at the check point. Do this until the check pointresistance reading has stabilized. The time required for the wetting process will vary, depending on the thickness and
32、 permeabilityof the pavement layer (30 min is normally sufficient).NOTE 5The reasoning behind the above requirement is that when the dense, very well-compacted pavement at the check point, which has been wettedequally along with all other test locations, achieves a stabilized resistance, then logica
33、lly all other test sites should have stabilized also. It has been foundexpedient in some cases (due to high ambient temperatures) to place prewetted sponges at each test site after wetting in order to maintain saturation.8.4 Proceed to test the bridge deck for electrical resistance. Place the probe
34、at each test location and allow the ohmmeter readingto settle; note it. For a d-c ohmmeter, reverse the leads by tripping the double-pole switch. When the reading has settled again, noteit and record the average of two such readings as the resistance for each point. (See Fig. 2 for an example of the
35、 recordingprocedure.)FIG. 2 Typical Resistance ValuesD3633 123NOTE 6Reversal of the dc meter leads by means of the switch box and averaging the readings reduces the error induced by galvanic coupling of theprobe and the reinforcing steel. This is not necessary when using an ac ohmmeter. If readings
36、are taken using scales other than the highest range providedby the ohmmeter, note the scale used.8.5 If it is desired to further define further areas of low-resistance readings, establish a grid pattern with intersections atintermediate points not previously tested. These points should only be teste
37、d after allowing sufficient time for the moisture in thepavement to dissipate. Time for this will depend on the density and thickness of the pavement, as well as the ambient and pavementtemperatures (usually a minimum of 24 h should be allowed).9. Report9.1 The resistance values shall be reported in
38、 a manner similar to that shown in Fig. 2. Areas that fail to meet any minimumrequirements may be outlined on the grid sheet. If desired, these same areas may be outlined on the bridge deck. Any repairs orcorrections that need to be made shall be noted on the report sheet.10. Precision and Bias10.1
39、Data were developed for precision statement from a water-barrier membrane-pavement system that had been in service forsome time. The precision statements may not be applicable when testing new installations since an effective membrane shouldproduce readings of infinite resistance.10.2 The single ope
40、rator coefficient of variation of a single test result has been found to be 79 %.3Therefore, results of twoproperly conducted tests by the same operator on the same day should not differ by more than 2.23 times the average of the tworesults.10.3 The multi-operator coefficient of variation of a singl
41、e test result has been found to be 79 %.Therefore, results of twoproperly conducted tests by different operators on the same day should not differ by more than 2.23 times the average of the tworesults.10.4 BiasSince there is no accepted reference material available at this time for determining bias
42、for this test method, nostatement on bias is being made.11. Keywords11.1 membrane-pavement systems; reinforcing steel; water barrier resistivityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of t
43、his standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five y
44、ears andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical comm
45、ittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
46、428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).3These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s %) and (d2s %) limits as described in Practice C670.D3633 124
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