1、Designation: D 3685/D 3685M 98 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Methods forSampling and Determination of Particulate Matter in StackGases1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3685/D 3685M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods describe procedures to determine themass emission rates of partic
3、ulate matter and collected residuein gaseous streams by in-stack test methods (Test MethodA) orout-of-stack test methods (Test Method B).1.2 These test methods are suitable for measuring particu-late matter and collected residue concentrations.1.3 These test methods include a description of equipmen
4、tand procedures to be used for obtaining samples from effluentducts and stacks, a description of equipment and procedures forlaboratory analysis, and a description of procedures for calcu-lating results.1.4 These test methods are applicable for sampling particu-late matter and collected residue in w
5、et (Test Method A or B)or dry (Test Method A) streams before and after particulatematter control equipment, and for determination of controldevice particulate matter collection efficiency.1.5 These test methods are also applicable for determiningcompliance with regulations and statutes limiting part
6、iculatematter existing in stack gases when approved by federal orstate agencies.1.6 The particulate matter and collected residue samplescollected by these test methods may be used for subsequentsize and chemical analysis.1.7 These test methods describe the instrumentation, equip-ment, and operationa
7、l procedures, including site selection,necessary for sampling and determination of particulate massemissions. These test methods also include procedures forcollection and gravimetric determination of residues collectedin an impinger-condenser train. The sampling and analysis ofparticulate matter may
8、 be performed independently or simul-taneously with the determination of collected residue.1.8 These test methods provide for the use of optional filterdesigns and filter material as necessary to accommodate thewide range of particulate matter loadings to which the testmethods are applicable.1.9 Sta
9、ck temperatures limitation for Test Method A isapproximately 400C (752F) and for Test Method B is 815C(1500F).1.10 A known limitation of these test methods concerns theuse of collected residue data. Since some collected residues canbe formed in the sample train by chemical reaction in additionto con
10、densation, these data should not be used without priorcharacterization (see 4.4.1).1.10.1 A second limitation concerns the use of the testmethods for sampling gas streams containing fluoride, orammonia or calcium compounds in the presence of sulfurdioxide and other reactive species having the potent
11、ial to reactwithin the sample train.1.10.2 A suspected but unverified limitation of these testmethods concerns the possible vaporization and loss of col-lected particulate organic matter during a sampling run.1.11 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately
12、as standard within the text. Theinch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The values statedin each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance to thisstandard.1.12 This standard do
13、es not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Sta
14、ndards:2D 1071 Test Methods for Volumetric Measurement of Gas-eous Fuel SamplesD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 2986 Practice for Evaluation of Air Assay Media by the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
15、 D22 on AirQuality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on AmbientAtmospheres and Source Emissions.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 3685/D 3685M - 98.2For referenced ASTM standards,
16、visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
17、8-2959, United States.Monodisperse DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate) Smoke TestD 3154 Test Method for Average Velocity in a Duct (PitotTube Method)D 3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureD 3796 Practice for Calibration of Type S Pitot TubesD 4536 Test Method for High-Volume Sampling for S
18、olidParticulate Matter and Determination of Particulate Emis-sionsE1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Terminology D 1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 collected residuefor the purpo
19、se of these test meth-ods, solid or liquid matter collected in the impingers employedin these test methods and remaining after solvent removal.3.2.2 particulate matterfor the purpose of these testmethods, all gas-borne matter (solid or liquid) collected in thefront half of the sample train (probe, n
20、ozzle, and front half offilter).3.3 Symbols:A = internal cross-sectional area of stack, m2(ft2).An= cross-sectional area of nozzle, m2(ft2).Bwo= proportion by volume of water vapor in the gasstream, dimensionless.Cm= dry gas meter correction factor, dimensionless.Cp= pitot tube coefficient, dimensio
21、nless.C8P.M.= concentration of particulate matter in stackgas, on the dry basis, standard conditions,mg/m3(gr/dsft3)C8P.M.act= concentration of particulate matter in stackgas, at actual gas conditions, mg/m3(gr/aft3).C2pm= concentration of collected residue in stack gas,dry basis, standard condition
22、s, mg/m3(gr/dsft3).C2pmact= concentration of collected residue in stack gas,at actual conditions, mg/m3(gr/aft3).EP.M.= emission rate for particulate matter, kg/h (lb/h).E2pm= emission rate for collected residue, kg/h (lb/h).I = percent of isokinetic sampling.Md= dry molecular weight of stack gas, g
23、/g-mol(lb/lb-mole).MH2O= molecular weight of water, 18.0 g/g-mol (18.0lb/lb-mole).Ms= molecular weight of stack gas, wet basis,g/g-mol (lb/lb-mole).Pbar= barometric pressure at the sampling site, kPa(in. Hg).P.M. = total amount of particulate matter collected,mg.pm = total amount of collected residu
24、e, mg.Ps= absolute stack gas pressure, kPa (in. Hg).Pstat= static stack gas pressure, kPa (in. Hg).Pstd= absolute pressure at standard conditions, 101.3kPa (29.9 in. Hg).Qstp-d= stack gas volumetric flow rate, dry basis,standard conditions, m3/h (dsft3/h).R = ideal gas constant = 8.32 3 103(kPam3)/(
25、Kg mol) for the SI system, and 21.8 (in. Hgft3)/(Rlb mole) for the U.S. customary system.Td= average temperature of the gas in the dry gasmeter, obtained from the average of the initialand the final temperatures, K (R) (see10.2.2.6 and 10.2.2.9).Tm= absolute average dry gas meter temperature, K(R).(
26、Ts)avg= absolute average stack gas temperature, K(R).Tstd= absolute temperature at standard conditions,298 K (25C) (537R).Tw= temperature of the gas in the wet test meter, K(R) (see 10.2.2.6 and 10.2.2.9).Vd= gas volume passing through the dry gas meter,K (R) (see 10.2.2.6 and 10.2.2.9).Vlc= total v
27、olume of liquid collected in impingersand desiccant, mL.Vm= volume of gas sample through the dry gasmeter, meter conditions, m3(dft3).Vmact= volume of gas sample through the dry gasmeter, corrected to actual gas conditions,m3(or aft3).Vmstd= volume of gas sample through the dry gasmeter, corrected t
28、o dry standard conditions,m3(dft3).(Vs)avg= average stack gas velocity, m/s (ft/s).Vmstd= volume of water vapor in the gas sample,corrected to actual conditions, m3(dsft3).Vw= gas volume passing through the wet test meter,m3(aft3) (see 10.2.2.6 and 10.2.2.9).Vwstd= volume of water vapor in the gas s
29、ample,corrected to dry standard conditions, m3(dsft3).Y = dry gas meter calibration factor.Yi= ratio of accuracy of wet test meter to dry gasmeter (see 10.2.2.6 and 10.2.2.9).u = total sampling or calibration run time, min.rH2O= density of water, 997 kg/m3, at 298 K.DH = average pressure drop across
30、 the orifice meter,kPa (in. H2O).DH = average orifice pressure differential that devel-ops 0.021 m3(0.75 ft3) of air at standardconditions for all six calibration runs, kPa (in.H2O) (see 10.2.2.9).DHi= orifice pressure differential at each flow ratethat gives 0.021 m3(0.75 ft3) of air at standardcon
31、ditions for each calibration run, kPa (in.H2O) (see 10.2.2.9).DPavg= average stack gas velocity head, kPa (in. H2O).NOTE 1To convert DH and DPavgfrom inches of water to inches ofmercury, divide by 13.6, the specific gravity of mercury. To convert frominches of water to kilopascals, multiply by 0.248
32、4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Test Method A (in-stack) involves a sampling train witha primary and a backup filter located in-stack. (Use of thebackup filter is optional.) The sample is withdrawn from theD 3685/D 3685M 98 (2005)2stack isokinetically through the filter system followed by aseries of
33、impingers or condensers set in an ice bath, which actas a moisture trap and collect the collected residue. A dry gasmeter is used to measure the sample gas volume.4.1.1 The primary filter may be a thimble type filter or aglass fiber filter. No back-up is required when the primary filteris of the lat
34、ter type.4.2 Test Method B (out-of-stack) involves a sampling trainwith a filter located out-of-stack heated above the moisture-acid dew point in order to prevent filter saturation. Sample iswithdrawn from the stack isokinetically through the filtersystem followed by moisture condensors set in an ic
35、e bath. Themoisture condensors provide the collection mechanism forcollected residue.4.2.1 The sample gas volume is measured with a dry gasmeter.4.3 Particulate matter mass and collected residue mass aredetermined gravimetrically. Particulate matter (12.10.1 andcollected residue (12.10.2) are calcul
36、ated separately as massper volume sampled at standard conditions, dry, and on theactual gas basis.4.4 The gravimetric analysis procedure is nondestructiveand thus both the particulate matter and the collected residuecatches are available for further physical and chemical char-acterization.4.4.1 Alth
37、ough procedures are not included in these testmethods, it is recommended that the collected residues besubjected to chemical analysis or otherwise characterized priorto use of the mass results.5. Significance and Use5.1 The measurement of particulate matter and collectedresidue emission rates is an
38、important test widely used in thepractice of air pollution control. Particulate matter measure-ments after control devices are necessary to determine totalemission rates to the atmosphere.5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by federal andstate agencies, are often required for the purpose of dete
39、rmin-ing compliance with regulations and statutes.5.1.2 The measurements made before and after controldevices are often necessary as a means of demonstratingconformance with contractual performance specifications.5.2 The collected residue obtained with these test methodsis also important in characte
40、rizing stack emissions. However,the utility of these data is limited unless a chemical analysis ofthe collected residue is performed.6. Interferences6.1 Gaseous species present in-stack gases that are capableof reacting to form particulate matter within the sample traincan result in positive interfe
41、rence.6.1.1 Examples include the potential reaction of sulfurdioxide (SO2) to an insoluble sulfate compound in the moistureportion of the system (such as with limestone in flue gasfollowing a wet flue gas desulfurization system (FGDS) toform calcium sulfate (CaSO4) or the reaction with ammoniagas (N
42、H3) to form ammonium sulfate (NH4SO4) and thepotential reaction of hydrogen fluoride (HF) with glass com-ponents in the sample train with resultant collection of silicontetrafluoride (SiF4) in the impingers.6.2 Volatile matter existing in solid or liquid form in thestack gas may vaporize after colle
43、ction on the sample trainfiltration material due to continued exposure to the hot samplestream during the sampling period. Such occurrence wouldresult in a negative interference.7. Apparatus7.1 Sampling TrainFor schematic drawings of the majorsampling train components refer to Figs. 1 and 2 for Test
44、Method A and Fig. 3 for Test Method B.7.1.1 The materials of construction of in-stack and certainout-of-stack components (such as the nozzle, probe, unions,FIG. 1 Test Method A (In Stack) Sampling TrainD 3685/D 3685M 98 (2005)3filter holder, gaskets, and other seals) shall be constructed ofmaterials
45、 which will withstand corrosive or otherwise reactivecompounds or properties of the stack or gas stream, or both.Recommended materials for a normal range of stack andsample conditions include PFTE fluoro hydrocarbons (up to175C (350F), 316 stainless steel (up to 800C (1500F), andsome resistant silic
46、one materials (up to 150C (300F). Ex-treme temperature conditions may require the use of materialssuch as quartz or nickel-chromium alloy, or a water-cooledprobe may be used.7.2 Elements of the Sampling Train The sampling trainfor collecting particulate matter and collected residue from agas stream
47、flowing through a stack consists of the intercon-nected elements described in 7.3-7.10.FIG. 2 (Out of Stack) Sampling TrainFIG. 3 Test Method A (In Stack Optional) Sampling TrainD 3685/D 3685M 98 (2005)47.3 NozzlesThe first part of the sampling equipment toencounter the dust or moisture-laden gas st
48、ream, or both, is thenozzle. In order to extract a representative sample of gas andparticulate matter, the nozzle used for sampling shall be withina narrow range of inside diameters.7.3.1 The probe nozzle is provided with a sharp, taperedleading edge and is constructed of either seamless 316 stainle
49、sssteel tubing or glass, formed in a button-hook or elbowconfiguration. The tapered angle is 0.001 % of thetotal acetone mass.8.5 Calcium Sulfate, Anhydrous (CaSO4), indicating type,for use in desiccator (7.17.8).8.6 Crushed Ice.8.7 Silica Gel (SiO2), indicating-type, 6 to 16-mesh, for usein the fourth impinger in the condenser (7.6). Dry at 175C(350F) for at least 2 h prior to use.8.8 Gloves, insulated, heat-resistant.8.9 Graphite Compound, high-temperature type, for testingabove 260C (500F).8.10 Packing MaterialA suitable temperature-resist
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