ASTM D3775-2008 Standard Test Method for Warp (End) and Filling (Pick) Count of Woven Fabrics《机织物纬纱和经纱计数的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: D 3775 08Standard Test Method forWarp (End) and Filling (Pick) Count of Woven Fabrics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3775; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio

2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of warp endcount and filling pick count and is applicable to all types ofwoven fabrics.NOT

3、E 1Historically, the term fabric count has been used to describethe end and pick count of woven fabrics. The terms warp (end) and filling(pick) count are replacing the term fabric count, to provide clarity.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in paren

4、theses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitatio

5、ns prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 4850 Terminology Relating to FabricD 7023 Terminology Relating to Home Furnishings2.2 Other Standard:ANSI/ASQC Z1.4Inspection by Attributes33. Termi

6、nology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminology D 48503.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:count, end, end count, filling, pick, pick count, thread count.thread count3.2 For all terminology related to Home Furnishings, referto Ter

7、minology D 7023.3.3 For all other terms related to textiles, refer to Terminol-ogy D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The number of warp yarns (ends) per unit distance andfilling yarns (picks) per unit distance are determined usingsuitable magnifying and counting devices or by raveling yarnsfrom fab

8、rics. See ANSI Z1.4.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments because it has been usedextensively in the trade for that purpose.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two

9、 laboratories (or more),comparative test should be performed to determine if there is astatistical bias between them, using competent statistical assis-tance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparativetest that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the samelot of material as the sampl

10、es that resulted in disparate resultsduring initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbersto each laboratory. The test results from the laboratoriesinvolved should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testingseries. If bias is found,

11、either its cause must be found andcorrected, or future test results for that material must beadjusted in consideration of the known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Use any suitable device, such as pick glass, rule andpointer, microfilm reader, or projection equipment. The use ofoptical sensing equipment may be

12、 used as agreed upon by thepurchaser and supplier.6.2 Use a scale graduated in mm (116 in.) to measure thewidth of the fabric test specimen to be raveled for a count ofyarns.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of rolls of fabric as directed in an

13、applicable material specification or other agreement between1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on FabricTest Methods, SpecificCurrent edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Replaces Sections28 to 34 of Methods D 1910 64 (1975). Originally approved in 1979

14、asD 3775 79. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D 3775 07a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer tot he standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM web

15、site.3Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13thFloor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the purchaser and the supplier. Consider rolls of fabric to be theprimary sampl

16、ing units.7.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample, take a fullwidth swatch at least2m(2yd)long from each roll of fabricin the lot sample. Consider each designated place at whichwarp end counts and filling pick counts are made as a testspecimen.NOTE 2For specimens not obtained as directed in Sect

17、ion 7, theresults should not be used for acceptance testing of a lot.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition specimens as directed in Practice D 1776.8.2 Fabrics woven from yarns having a relatively lowmoisture regain in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles,which is 21 6 1 C (70 6 2 F) and 65 % relativ

18、e humidity,and which are not significantly affected by minor variations indifferent atmospheric conditions, for example, nylons, acrylics,and polyesters, may be tested without preconditioning. Fabricswoven from yarns composed wholly or in part from wool,rayon, cotton, or acetate are more sensitive t

19、o atmosphericchanges and must be conditioned prior to testing, except byagreement of all parties interested in the test results.8.3 When full rolls or bolts of fabric cannot be properlyconditioned in a reasonable time with available facilities,perform the test without conditioning and report the act

20、ualconditions prevailing at the time of the test. Such results maynot correspond with the results obtained after testing in thestandard atmosphere for testing textiles.9. Procedure9.1 General:9.1.1 Count the number of warp yarns (ends) and fillingyarns (picks) in five randomly spaced places diagonal

21、ly acrossthe width of the laboratory sampling unit. Count individualwarp ends and filling picks as single units, regardless ofwhether they are comprised of single or plied components.9.1.2 When two yarns are laid-in together and parallel,count each yarn separately, as a single unit, regardless ofwhe

22、ther it is comprised of single or plied components.9.1.3 In fancy weaves, where one or more yarns do notappear at regular, short intervals, make count measurementsover at least one full pattern repeat of each design in the weave.9.1.4 When the coefficient of variation for five counts ishigher than 5

23、%, make five additional counts and average theresults of the ten readings.9.2 Specific Fabric Widths:9.2.1 For fabric widths of 1000 mm (40 in) or more, makeno count closer than 150 mm (6 in) from the selvage edge, orwithin 0.5 m (0.5yd) from the end of the roll or piece.9.2.2 For fabric widths of l

24、ess than 1000 mm (40 in) butgreater than 125 mm (5 in), make no count closer than onetenth of the width of the fabric, or within 0.5 m (0.5 yd) fromthe end of the roll or piece.9.3 Specific Fabric Counts9.3.1 For fabrics containing less than 1 yarn per mm (25yarns per in), count the number of warp y

25、arns (ends) over a 75mm (3 in.) width, in five randomly selected places across thewidth of the laboratory sampling unit, and count the number offilling yarns (picks) over a 75 mm (3 in.) length in fiverandomly selected places along the length of the laboratorysampling unit.9.3.1.1 When the coefficie

26、nt of variation for five counts in a75 mm (3 in.) width is higher than 5%, discard those readingsand make five fresh counts over a 125 mm (5 in.) width.9.3.1.2 For fabrics containing 1 yarn per mm (25 yarns perin) or higher, count the number of warp yarn (ends) over 25mm (1 in.) of width in five dif

27、ferent, randomly selected placesacross the width of the laboratory sampling unit, and count thenumber of filling yarns (picks) over a 25 mm (1 in) length infive different, randomly selected places along the length of thelaboratory sampling unit.9.4 Count by Raveling Options When individual yarnscann

28、ot be readily distinguished for counting in a fabric, one ofthe two alternative options shown below may be used.9.4.1 Ravel a piece of fabric parallel to the direction to becounted, obtain a straight edge, then ravel and count the yarnsin a 25 mm (1 in) strip. For example, cut a strip of fabric from

29、each randomly selected place, approximately 35 mm (1.5 in)wide, and of practical length parallel to the yarns to be counted.Then ravel each strip to give a testing width of 25 mm (1 in)by removing an approximately equal number of yarns fromeach side, prior to counting.9.4.2 Make a straight cut throu

30、gh the fabric across the yarnsto be counted. Place a ruler along the cut edge and mark off a25 mm (1 in) length. Count the number of yarns protrudingbetween the two marks. If possible, ravel a yarn or two, toensure that only protruding yarns are being counted.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the averag

31、e of all warp end counts made forthe warp direction to the nearest individual yarn for each rolland for the lot.10.2 Calculate the average of all filling pick counts made forthe filling direction to the nearest individual yarn for each rolland for the lot.10.3 When requested, calculate the thread co

32、unt of thefabric as the sum of the warp end and filling pick counts to thenearest whole number for each roll and for the lot.11. Report11.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in TestMethod D 3775. Describe the material or product sampled andthe method of sampling used.11.2 Report the f

33、ollowing information:11.2.1 Average number of warp yarns (ends) and fillingyarns (picks) per 25 mm (1 in.) calculated to the nearestindividual yarn; when stating the count for the fabric, show thewarp yarn (end) count first followed by the filling yarn (pick)count for each roll and for the lot. For

34、example:Count 5 100 3 40 or 100 by 40NOTE 3The result is to be read as “one hundred by forty” not as 4000.11.2.2 Thread count for each roll and for the lot, whenrequested,11.2.3 Size of the pattern repeat, size of each designcomponent in the pattern, and the total yarns in each measuredcomponent for

35、 fabrics having fancy weaves,D 3775 08211.2.4 Atmospheric conditions under which the tests wereconducted and whether the specimens were conditioned asdirected in Practice D 1776.12. Precision and Bias12.1 SummaryIn comparing two averages of five obser-vations when measuring the warp end or filling p

36、ick count ofa woven fabric, the difference should not exceed about 0.42ends or picks/in. in 95 out of 100 cases when all theobservations were taken by the same well-trained operatorusing the same piece of equipment and specimens randomlydrawn from the same sample of material. Larger differences arel

37、ikely under all other circumstances.12.2 Interlaboratory Test Data4An interlaboratory testwas run in 1981 in which randomly drawn specimens of fourmaterials were tested in each of four laboratories. Two opera-tors in each laboratory each tested two specimens of eachmaterial for both warp end count a

38、nd filling pick count. Thefirst fabric was a 65 % polyester and 35 % cotton seersuckertype basket weave. The second fabric was a 65 % polyester and35 % cotton gingham check. The third fabric was an 88 %cotton and 12 % polyester corduroy. The fourth fabric was a100 % cotton denim. Warp end counts ran

39、ged from about 50 to130 ends/in., and filling pick counts ranged from about 50 to125 picks/in. The components of variance for warp end countand for filling pick count expressed as standard deviations werecalculated to be as follows:Counts Single-OperatorComponentWithin-LaboratoryComponentBetween-Lab

40、oratoryComponentSingle Material Comparisons:Warp End or Filling Pick Counts 0.337 0.000 0.458Multi-material Comparisons5:Warp End Counts 0.551 0.000 0.383Filling Pick Counts 0.000 0.000 0.736NOTE 4The square roots of the components are being reported toexpress the variability in the appropriate unit

41、 of measure rather than as thesquare of those units of measure.12.3 PrecisionFor the components of variance reported in12.2, two averages of observed values should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % probability level if thedifference equals or exceeds the critical differences in Table

42、1.NOTE 5The tabulated values of the critical differences should beconsidered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between-laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made abouttwo specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any, betweenthem must be est

43、ablished with each such comparison being based onrecent data obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material of the typebeing evaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible and thenrandomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laboratories.12.4 BiasTest Method D 3775 for counting war

44、p ends andfilling picks in woven fabrics has no known bias and is used asa referee method.13. Keywords13.1 construction; fabric; filling pick count; warp end count;woven4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D131067.5T

45、he single-operator components for multi-material comparisons are in additionto the single-operator components for single-material comparisons and are notreduced by replication.D 3775 083ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any

46、item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical c

47、ommittee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at

48、a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr

49、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Critical Differences for the Conditions Noted, 95 %Probability Level, Ends or Picks/in.ANumber of Observationsin EachAverageSingle-OperatorPrecisionWithin-LaboratoryPrecisionBetweenLaboratoryPrecisionSingle-material Comparison (warp end or filling coun