1、Designation: D 3822 07Standard Test Method forTensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensileproperties of natural and man-made single textile fibers ofsufficient length to permit m
3、ounting test specimens in a tensiletesting machine.1.2 This test method is also applicable to continuous (fila-ment) and discontinuous (staple) fibers or filaments taken fromyarns or tow. When the fibers to be tested contain crimp, or ifthe tow or yarns have been subjected to bulking, crimping, orte
4、xturing process, the tensile properties are determined afterremoval of the crimp.NOTE 1Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in thistest method was originally covered in Test Method D 2101, that isdiscontinued.1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchange-ably throughout
5、 this test method.1.4 This test method is also applicable to fibers removedfrom yarns, or from yarns processed further into fabrics. Itshould be recognized that yarn and manufacturing processescan influence or modify the tensile properties of fibers.Consequently, tensile properties determined on fib
6、ers takenfrom yarns, or from yarns that have been processed intofabrics, may be different than for the same fibers prior to beingsubjected to yarn or fabric manufacturing processes.1.5 This test method provides directions for measuring thebreaking force and elongation at break of single textile fibe
7、rsand for calculating breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chordmodulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specified elonga-tion, and breaking toughness.1.6 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of bothconditioned and wet single fibers are included. The test methodis applicable to testing
8、under a wide range of conditions.1.7 As the length of the test specimen decreases, the tensilestrength is likely to increase, but the accuracy of the tensileproperties determined may decrease, which may require theneed to increase the number of test specimens. This isparticularly true for those prop
9、erties dependent on the mea-surement of elongation, since the shorter lengths increase therelative effect of slippage and stretching of the test specimenswithin the jaws of either clamp.1.8 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or inother units shall be regarded separately as standard.
10、 The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system must be used independently of the other, withoutcombining values in any way.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
11、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 629 Test Met
12、hods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD 1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile FibersD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2101 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Man-Made Fibers Taken from Yarns and Tow3D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD 3333 Prac
13、tice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD 4849 Terminology Relating to Yarns and FibersE 178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns andFibers, refer to Terminology D 4849.3.1.1 The following terms
14、are relevant to this standard:breaking force, breaking tenacity, breaking toughness, chordmodulus, corresponding elongation, corresponding force, elon-gation, elongation at break, elongation at specified force, fiber,filament, filament yarn, force at specified elongation, initial1This test method is
15、 under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published February 2007. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 3822 01.2For referenced ASTM sta
16、ndards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
17、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.modulus, linear density, secant modulus, tangent modulus,tenacity, tow, yield point.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Single-fiber specimens are broken on a constant-rate-of-extension (CR
18、E) type tensile testing machine at a predeter-mined gage length and rate of extension. Using the force-extension curve, the breaking force and elongation at break aredetermined. The force-elongation curve and linear density areused to calculate breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chordmodulus, tange
19、nt modulus, tensile stress at specified elonga-tion, and breaking toughness.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test Method D 3822 using test specimens having gagelengths of 10 mm (0.4 in.) or greater is considered satisfactoryfor acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the testmethod has been used
20、extensively in the trade for acceptancetesting. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 wereobtained on man-made fibers having a gage length of 25.4 mm(1.0 in.) and 254 mm (10 in.). Natural fibers or fibers havinglesser or greater gage lengths may provide different values andmay require compara
21、tive testing. (See 5.1.1.)5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using Test Method D 3822 foracceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser andthe supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine ifthere is a statistical bias between their
22、laboratories. Competentstatistical assistance is recommended for the investigation ofbias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of testspecimens which are as homogeneous as possible and whichare from a lot of material of the type in question. The testspecimens should then be randomly ass
23、igned in equal numbersto each laboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using Students t-test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before the testing begins. If a bias is found, eitherits cause must be found and c
24、orrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results for thatmaterial in view of test results with consideration to the knownbias.5.2 The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breakingforce and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamentalproperties that ar
25、e widely used to establish limitations on fiberprocessing or conversion and on their end-use applications.Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the fiber toextension at forces below the yield point. The tangent modulusand tensile stress at specified elongation may be used todifferentiate
26、 between the probable performance of fibers inprocessing and end-use performance. The breaking toughnessis an indication of the durability of materials produced from thefiber.5.3 It is recognized that computerized results are usedextensively in the industry. When comparing results from twolaboratori
27、es using computerized tensile testers, the algorithmsused to derive results must be examined for parity, that is, howthe maximum slope and specimen failure or rupture aredetermined.5.4 The breaking strength of wet fibers tested in air may bedifferent from wet fibers tested while immersed.5.4.1 Tests
28、 on wet specimens are usually made only onfibers which show a loss in breaking force when wet or whenexposed to high humidity, for example, yarns made fromanimal fibers and man-made fibers based on regenerated andmodified cellulose. Wet tests are made on flax fiber to detectadulteration by failure t
29、o show a gain in breaking force.TABLE 1 Fiber Tensile Properties Using 25.4 mm (1 in.) GageLengthCritical Differences for the Conditions NotedAProperties, Limitsof Measureand MaterialsNumber ofObservationsin EachAverageSingle-OperatorPrecisionWithin-LaboratoryPrecisionBetween-LaboratoryPrecisionBrea
30、king Tenacity, gf/tex:Acetate 1 0.17 0.18 0.2410 0.05 0.08 0.1820 0.04 0.07 0.1840 0.03 0.06 0.18Aramid 1 14.05 14.05 14.0510 4.44 4.44 4.4420 3.14 3.14 3.1440 2.22 2.22 2.22Nylon 1 0.78 0.78 0.8210 0.24 0.27 0.3720 0.17 0.21 0.3240 0.12 0.17 0.30Polyester 1 0.53 0.53 0.5710 0.17 0.17 0.2820 0.12 0.
31、12 0.2540 0.08 0.08 0.24Initial Modulus, gf/texAcetate 1 7.32 11.01 16.6410 2.31 8.55 15.1220 1.64 8.39 15.0340 1.16 8.31 14.99Aramid 1 266.1 283.8 367.110 84.2 129.5 266.520 59.5 115.1 259.740 42.1 107.1 256.3Nylon 1 6.26 8.47 15.5410 1.98 6.04 14.3620 1.40 5.88 14.2940 0.99 5.79 14.26Polyester 1 2
32、1.84 28.52 38.9910 6.91 21.35 33.0320 4.88 18.99 32.6640 3.45 18.67 32.48Elongation at Break, %Acetate 1 7.29 7.65 8.6410 2.30 3.28 5.1820 1.63 2.84 4.9240 1.15 2.60 4.78Aramid 1 1.25 1.25 1.5310 0.39 0.39 0.9720 0.28 0.28 0.9340 0.20 0.20 0.91Nylon 1 17.93 18.36 22.4310 5.67 6.92 14.6320 4.01 5.64
33、14.0140 2.84 4.87 13.78Polyester 1 14.97 15.09 17.8210 4.73 5.10 10.7620 3.35 3.85 10.2340 2.37 3.04 9.95AThe critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based oninfinite degrees of freedom.D38220726. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Type Tensile TestingM
34、achine, conforming to Specification D76, having adequateresponse characteristics to properly record the characteristicsof the force-elongation curve, or the stress-strain curve of thefibers under test at the rate of extension specified in Table 3.The capacity of the machine must be selected for the
35、break onthe recorded curve to fall within 20 to 90 % of full scale,preferably within 50 to 90 % of full scale. It is permissible touse tensile testing machines that have a means of calculatingand displaying the required results without the use of anautographic recorder. The tensile testing machine m
36、ust beequipped with a tank to provide for breaking fibers immersedin a liquid, if tests on wet immersed specimens are required.NOTE 2Special force-measuring systems may be used to directlyrecord the tenacity in cN/tex.6.2 Clamps, with flat jaws for gripping the fiber specimensand designed to minimiz
37、e slippage in the clamps during thetest,6.2.1 Tabs, when required, of thin plastic or other materialfor use with cementing techniques (See Annex A1); and6.2.2 Cement or AdhesiveThe adhesive must be capableof binding the tabs to the fibers without affecting the moisturecontent of the specimen.NOTE 3F
38、or wet testing, the tabs and adhesive must be waterproof.6.3 Container, separate from the testing machine for wet-ting out specimens to be tested without immersion.6.4 Auxiliary EquipmentThe testing machine may beequipped with auxiliary equipment to permit the automaticrecording of data or the calcu
39、lation of any required tensileproperty. The auxiliary equipment must be capable of record-ing data and performing calculations in a manner consistentwith the definitions and instructions for calculations as de-scribed in this test method.6.5 Area-Measuring DeviceAn integrating accessory tothe tensil
40、e testing machine or a planimeter. The device shallmeasure area with an accuracy of 61%.6.6 Jig, to aid in accurately mounting test specimens on tabsat the specified gage length.6.7 Distilled or Deionized Water, for use in wet specimentesting.6.8 Wetting Agent, NonionicFor wet specimen testing, fore
41、xample, Triton X-1004to make 0.1 % aqueous solution usingwater described in 6.7.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SamplingAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of shipping containers directed inthe applicable material specification or other agreement be-tween the purchaser and supplier,
42、such as an agreement to usePractice D 3333 or Practice D 2258. Consider shipping con-tainers to be the primary sampling units.NOTE 4An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser or supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenshipping units, between packages, ends
43、 or other laboratory sampling unitwithin a shipping unit if applicable, and with specimens from a single4Triton-X 100 is a registered trademark of Rohm 3.0 denier mediumtenacity, low modulus nylon; 5.0 denier medium tenacity, highmodulus polyester; and 1.5 denier high tenacity, high modulusaramid.14
44、.2 PrecisionFor the components of variance reported inTables 4 and 5, two averages of observed values should beconsidered significantly different at the 95 % probability levelif the difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listedin Tables 1 and 2, respectively.NOTE 7The tabulated values
45、 of the critical differences should beconsidered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between-laboratory precision. Before a meaningful statement can be made abouttwo specific laboratories, the amount of statistical bias, if any, betweenthem must be established, with each comparis
46、on being based on recentdata obtained on specimens taken from a lot of material to the type beingevaluated so as to be as nearly homogeneous as possible and thenrandomly assigned in equal numbers to each of the laboratories.14.3 BiasThe values of the tenacity, initial modulus, andelongation at break
47、 can only be defined in terms of a specifictest method. Within this limitation, the procedures in TestMethod D 3822 for measuring these properties has no knownbias.15. Keywords15.1 tension (tensile) properties/tests; textile fiberANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. TABBING TECHNIQUE FOR FIBERA1.1 Scop
48、eA1.1.1 Due to the inherent nature of some fibers, a means isrequired to protect or cushion the ends of the fiber that lay inthe clamp to minimize clamp breaks. The procedure describedbelow has been used successfully to minimize the occurrenceof jaw breaks.A1.2 Summary of Tabbing TechniqueA1.2.1 A s
49、ingle fiber is secured to a cardboard substrate bymeans of an epoxy resin. This assembly is placed centrally inthe clamps of a tensile tester. Cardboard material is removedfrom the assembly in the gage area without making contactwith the fiber.A1.3 MaterialsA1.3.1 Poster Board, or equivalent.A1.3.1.1 The colors of the board and cardboard (A1.3.2)should contrast and be different from the color of the fiber forease of viewing.A1.3.2 Sub 65 Grade Cardboard, or equivalent. (SeeA1.3.1.1.)A1.3.3 Paper Cutter.A1.3.4 Steel Rule, 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) graduations.A1.3.5 Cutting Die,1
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