1、Designation: D 3885 07Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing andAbrasion Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3885; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method2covers the determination of theabrasion resistance of woven or nonwoven textile fabrics usingthe
3、flexing and abrasion tester.1.2 This test method applies to most woven and nonwovenfabrics providing they do not stretch excessively. It is notapplicable to floor coverings.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,the
4、inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith this test method.1.4 This standard does not purport to addr
5、ess all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1For other test methods for abrasion resistance of t
6、extiles referto Test Methods D 3884, D 3886, D 4157, D 4158, D 4966, andAATCC 93.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2904 Practice for Interl
7、aboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias forTextilesD 3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (I
8、nflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)D 4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)D 4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)D 5035 Test M
9、ethod for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)2.2 AATCC Test Method:AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: AccelerotorMethod43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of amaterial by rubbing against another surface.3.1.2 abrasion cycle, n
10、one complete movement across thesurface of a textile.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe complete movement for an abra-sion cycle is dependent on the action of the abrasion machineand the test method used. It may consist of one back-and-forthunidirectional movement or one circular movement, or acombination of bot
11、h. For the flexing and abrasion method it iscommonly called a double stroke as defined in 3.1.4.3.1.3 breaking force, nthe maximum force applied to amaterial carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breakingstrength.)3.1.4 double-stroke, nin flexing and abrasion testing,anabrasion cycle that con
12、sists of one forward and one backwardmotion.3.1.5 flexibility, nthat property of a material by virtue ofwhich it may be flexed or bowed repeatedly without undergo-ing rupture.3.1.6 standard atmosphere for preconditioning textiles,na set of controlled conditions having a temperature not over50C (122F
13、), with respective tolerance of 61C(2F), and a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1980.
14、 Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 3885 04.2This test method is based upon the development described by Stoll, R.G.,“Improved MultipurposeAbrasion Tester and itsApplication for the Evaluation of theWear Resistance of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal, July, 1949, p. 394.3For referenced A
15、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,P.O
16、. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.relative humidity of 5 to 25 6 2 % for the selected humidity,so that drying can be achieved prior to conditioning in thestandard atmosphere
17、 for testing textiles.3.1.7 standard atmosphere for testing textiles,nlaboratory conditions for testing fibers, yarns, and fabrics inwhich air temperature and relative humidity are maintained atspecific levels with established tolerances.3.1.7.1 DiscussionTextile materials are used in a numberof spe
18、cific end-use applications that frequently require differenttesting temperatures and relative humidities. Specific condi-tioning and testing of textiles for end-product requirements canbe carried out using Table 1 in Practice D 1776.3.1.8 For definitions of other textile terms used in this testmetho
19、d, refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-men to unidirectional reciprocal folding and rubbing over aspecific bar under specified conditions of pressure, tension, andabrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by eithe
20、rdetermining the percent loss in breaking force of an abradedspecimen compared to an unabraded specimen or the cycles torupture, or both.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is not recommended for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments because information onbetween-laboratory precision is
21、known to be poor.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples
22、 to be used are ashomogenous as possible, are drawn from the material fromwhich the disparate test results were obtained, and are ran-domly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing.Other fabrics with established test values may be used for thispurpose. The test results from the two l
23、aboratories should becompared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at aprobability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results must be adjusted in consideration of the knownbias.5.2 The measurement of the res
24、istance to abrasion of textilefabrics is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affectedby many factors that include the inherent mechanical propertiesof the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of theyarns; the construction of the fabrics; the type, kind, andamount of treatment
25、added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric; thenature of the abradant; the variable action of the abradant overthe specimen area abraded; the tension on the specimen; thepressure between the specimen and the abradant; and thedimensional changes in the specimen.5.3 The measurement of the relative amount o
26、f abrasion canbe affected by the method of evaluation and is often influencedby the judgment of the operator. It is recognized that with thistest method other means of evaluation besides cycles to ruptureand breaking strength have been used by the industry, such ascolor change, appearance change, an
27、d so forth. Experience hasshown these to be highly variable parameters and they are notrecommended without exact criteria identified in an applicablematerial specification or contract. Consequently, the criteria ofbreaking strength and cycles to rupture are the recommendedmeans of evaluation because
28、 they are considered the leastvariable and interlaboratory agreement is likely to be obtainedmore easily.5.4 Abrasion tests are subject to variations due to changes inthe abradant bar during specific tests. The abradant bar isconsidered a permanent abradant that uses a hardened metalsurface. It is a
29、ssumed that the abradant will not changeappreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similarabradants used in different laboratories will not likely change atthe same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradantsmay also change due to pickup of treatments or other materialfrom te
30、st fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequentintervals. Consequently, depending upon its usage, theabradant bar must be checked periodically against a standard.5.5 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured by this test method does not include all the factors whichaccount
31、for wear performance or durability in actual use. Whilethe abrasion resistance stated in terms of the number of cyclesand durability (defined as the ability to withstand deteriorationor wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion) arefrequently related, the relationship varies with differe
32、nt enduses. Different factors may be necessary in any calculation ofpredicted durability from specific abrasion data.5.5.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication ofrelative end use in cases where the difference in abrasionresistance of various materials is large, but they should not berel
33、ied upon where differences in laboratory test findings aresmall. In general, the results should not be relied upon forprediction of performance during actual wear life for specificend uses unless there are data showing the specific relationshipbetween laboratory abrasion tests and actual wear in the
34、intended end use.5.6 This test method is useful for pretreating material forsubsequent testing for strength or barrier performance.5.7 The pressure and tension used is varied, depending onthe mass and nature of the material and the end-use application.Whenever possible, all materials that are to be
35、compared witheach other should be tested under the same pressure andtension.5.8 When abrasion tests are continued to total destruction,abrasion resistance comparisons are not practical for fabricshaving a different mass because the change in abrasionresistance is not directly proportional to the cha
36、nge in thefabric mass.5.9 All the test methods and instruments that have beendeveloped for abrasion resistance may show a high degree ofvariability in results obtained by different operators and indifferent laboratories, however, they represent the methodsmost widely used in the industry. Because th
37、ere is a definiteneed for measuring the relative resistance to abrasion, this testmethod is one of several standardized test methods that isuseful to help minimize the inherent variation that may occurin results.D38850725.10 These general observations apply to most fabrics,including woven and nonwov
38、en fabrics that are used inautomotive, household, and wearing apparel applications.6. Apparatus6.1 Flex Abrasion Testing Machine5(see Figs. 1 and 2),consisting of the following:6.1.1 Balanced Head and Flex Block Assembly, that has twoparallel, smooth plates.6.1.1.1 The balanced head is rigidly suppo
39、rted by a double-lever assembly to provide free movement in a directionperpendicular to the plate of the flex block. This head mustremain stationary during the test and must be balanced tomaintain a uniform vertical pressure from the dead weights.6.1.1.2 The flex block is capable of reciprocating at
40、 115 610 double strokes per minute of 25 6 2-mm (1 6 0.1-in.)stroke length.6.1.1.3 Clamps are secured to the front of each plate of thehead and flex-block assemblies to permit mounting of thespecimen. The clamps have surfaces that prevent slippage ofthe specimen and permit the specimen after it has
41、been foldedover the abradant bar to be centrally positioned and alignedwith its long direction parallel to the reciprocating flex bar.6.1.2 Flexing Bar Yoke, sufficiently rigid to prevent distor-tion during the specimen loading and capable of applyingtension to the rigidly secured flexing bar with t
42、he force actingparallel to the surface of the head and block assembly platesand perpendicular to the fold of the specimen such that anevenly distributed tension is provided across the fold of thespecimen.6.1.2.1 A positioning device is provided to position theflexing bar and yoke assembly while load
43、ing the specimen suchthat the edge of the flexing bar is parallel to the fold of thespecimen during the test. The positioning device is capable ofmoving into contact with the yoke prior to loading thespecimen and moving away from contact with the yoke justprior to starting the test machine.6.1.3 Thu
44、mb Screw, that allows moving the clamp to pro-vide slack take-up of the specimen.6.1.4 Machine Stopping Mechanism, a microswitch, orequivalent, to stop the machine, actuated by the release of thetension on the specimen when it ruptures.6.1.5 Cycle Counter, to record the number of cycles (doublestrok
45、es) and stop the machine at fabric failure.6.1.6 Automatic Shutoff, as part of the cycle counter orin-line timer, or equivalent, with set and stop mechanismcapable of stopping the machine at a predetermined number ofcycles.6.1.7 Calibrated Tension Weights, with individual masses of250, 500, and 1000
46、 g (12 , 1, and 2 lbf) that can provide up toa total of 2500 g (5 lbf) that fit on a weight rack that is attachedby cables to the yoke to adjust tension to the specimen.Individual weight tolerances are 61%.6.1.8 Calibrated Head Weights, with individual masses of250, 500, and 1000 g (12 , 1, and 2 lb
47、f) that can provide up toa total of 2500 g (5 lbf) that fits on the balanced head, to applypressure to the specimen. Individual weight tolerances are61%.6.2 Working Flex Bar, used for testing, 1.6 6 0.4 by 11.2 61.6 mm (116 6164 by716 6716 in.) in cross section, made withtool steel tipped with an ed
48、ge of cemented carbide. The top,bottom, and edge of the bar that is in contact with the specimenis finished by grinding and polishing, leveling off the micro-scopic projection without breaking the edges of the bar. The baris capable of firmly attaching to the yoke.6.3 Standardized Master Flex Bar, t
49、o standardize the work-ing flex bar, including storage container to prevent bar damage,available from the manufacturer.6.4 Calibration Ribbon5, fused acetate ribbon, 25 mm (1 in.)wide, available from the manufacturer.5Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Flexing and Abrasion TesterD38850736.5 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRT typeconforming to Specification D76, with respect to force indi-cation, working range, capacity, and elongation indicator anddesigned for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12 6
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