ASTM D3918-1996(2003) Standard Terminology Relating to Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Products《有关增强塑料挤拉制品的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D 3918 96 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Terminology Relating toReinforced Plastic Pultruded Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3918; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l

2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These definitions cover terms used in the reinforcedplastics pultrusion industry. In some cases the terms may beidenti

3、cal to those employed in other standards or by otherstandards bodies.NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Terminology Definitionsblack markingblack smudges on the surface of the pul-truded product that cannot be removed by cleaning orscrubbing or wiping with solvent.NOTE 2Black ma

4、rking results from excessive pressures in the diewhen the pultrusion is rubbing against soft or unchromed die surfaces.blistera rounded elevation of the pultruded surface withboundaries that may be more or less sharply defined.NOTE 3The rounded elevation somewhat resembles in shape a blisteron the s

5、urface of human skin. Blisters may exist within the pultrusion asa hollow delaminated area (usually gas-filled) under a raised portion of thesurface.blooming, fibera pultrusion surface condition exhibiting afiber prominence or fiber show that usually has a white orbleached color and a sparkling appe

6、arance.NOTE 4The surface generally feels rough when touched by the fingersand is of superficial thickness easily removed by buffing or light sanding.blooming, undercurea dull and bleached surface color thatis evident in pultruded material not exposed to the weather.NOTE 5This condition is usually th

7、e result of insufficient surface cure.bowa condition of longitudinal curvature in pultruded parts.burna discoloration, distortion, or destruction of the pul-truded surface as a result of thermal decomposition.chipsminor damage to the pultruded surface that removesmaterial but does not cause a crack

8、or craze.concave surfacea local concave curvature in the flat sur-faces of pultruded plastic parts as measured transversely totheir length.convex surfacea local convex curvature in the flat surfacesof pultruded plastic parts as measured transversely to theirlength.cracka visual separation that occur

9、s internally or penetratesdown from the pultruded surface to the equivalent of one fullply or more of reinforcement.cratera small, shallow pultrusion surface imperfection.crazemultiple fine cracks at or under the pultruded surface.craze, hairlinemultiple fine pultrusion surface separationcracks that

10、 exceed14 in. (6.4 mm) in length and do notpenetrate in depth to the equivalent of full ply of reinforce-ment.craze, resinmultiple fine separation cracks at the pultrudedsurface not penetrating into the reinforcement.NOTE 6This condition is usually due to resin shrinkage during cure inresin-rich are

11、as.craze, starmultiple fine pultrusion surface separation cracksexceeding14 in. (6.4 mm) in length but not penetrating indepth to the equivalent of a full ply of reinforcement, thatappear to emanate from a central point.NOTE 7This condition is often caused by impact damage.delaminationthe separation

12、 of two or more layers or plies ofreinforcing material within a pultrusion.die-parting linea lengthwise flash or depression on thesurface of a pultruded plastic part.NOTE 8The die-parting line is associated with the area where separatepieces of the die join together to form the cavity.discolorationa

13、 streak or other pattern on the surface thatcauses a noticeable change of color from the rest of thepultruded surface.dry fibera condition in which fibers are not fully encapsu-lated by resin during pultrusion.dullnessa lack of normal pultruded surface gloss or shine.1These definitions are under the

14、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on ReinforcedThermosetting Plastics.Current edition approved November 1, 2003. Published December 2003.Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 3918 -96.1Copyright

15、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 9This condition can be caused by insufficient cure locally or inlarge areas, resulting in the dull band created on a pultruded part within thedie when the pultrusion process is interrupted br

16、iefly (see stop mark).dwarf widtha condition in which the crosswise (of thedirection of pultrusion) dimension of a flat surface of the partis less than that the die normally would yield for a particularcomposite.NOTE 10This condition is usually caused by a partial blockage of thepultrusion die cavit

17、y caused by “build-up” or particles of the compositeadhering to the cavity surface. This condition is commonly called a “lostedge” when the flat surface has a free edge that is altered by the build-up.exposed underlayerthe underlying layer of mat or rovingnot covered by surface mat in a pultrusion.N

18、OTE 11This condition can be caused by reinforcement shifting, toonarrow surface mat, too wide underlying mat, uneven slitting of surfacemat, or necking down of surface mat or excessive tension in pulling it offthe spindle.fiber bridgingreinforcing fiber material that is found bridg-ing across on an

19、inside radius of a pultruded product.NOTE 12This condition is caused by shrinkage stresses around such aradius during cure.fiber prominencea visible and measurable pattern of thereinforcing material on the surface of a pultruded plasticpart.fiber showstrands or bundles of fibers that are not covered

20、by resin and that are at or above the surface of a reinforcedplastic pultrusion.fish-eyea small globular mass that has not blended com-pletely into the surrounding pultruded material.NOTE 13This condition is particularly evident in a transparent ortranslucent material.flatsa longitudinal flat area o

21、n a normally convex surface ofa pultrusion.NOTE 14This condition may be caused by shifting in the reinforce-ment, lack of sufficient reinforcement, or local fouling of the die surface.folded reinforcementan unintentional or unspecified mis-alignment of mat or fabric reinforcing material in relation

22、tothe contour of a pultruded section.NOTE 15Such folds may or may not affect the surface appearance ofthe pultrusion and are chiefly visible in a cut cross section of the product.Such reinforcement irregularities are usually due to shifting and crowdingof the reinforcing material during pultrusion.f

23、racturecracks, crazing, or delamination, or a combinationthereof, resulting from physical damage to the pultrusion.glassinessa glassy, marbleized, streaked appearance at thepultruded surface.NOTE 16This condition is visually evident, but reinforcement is infact fully encapsulated with resin.gougesse

24、e chips.groovinglong narrow grooves or depressions in a surface ofa pultrusion parallel to its length.NOTE 17This condition is usually caused by die fouling or by a spotof resin build-up on the die surface, effectively changing the shape of thecross section.inclusionany foreign matter or particles t

25、hat are eitherencapsulated or imbedded in the pultrusion.insufficient curea pultrusion abnormality created by lack of,or incomplete, cross-linking of the resin.NOTE 18This condition can usually be detected by dull surfaceappearance, low Barcol hardness, and low physical properties. Thicksections, cu

26、red from the outside in, can reveal insufficient cure in thecenter of the section even though completely cured on the surface. Thiscondition can be caused by insufficient die temperature, improper catalyst,or pulling too fast for the die temperature.intermittent disfigurementdisfigurement of the sha

27、pe ofthe pultrusion for a limited length.NOTE 19This condition usually results from die fouling or fromfolded or crowded reinforcing material and is corrected after a shortdistance.internal shrinkage crackslongitudinal cracks in the pultru-sion that are found within sections of roving reinforcement.

28、NOTE 20This condition is caused by shrinkage strains during curethat show up in the roving portion of the pultrusion where transversestrength is low.lack of resin fillouta pultrusion condition where an areacontains reinforcement not wetted with sufficient quantity ofresin.NOTE 21This condition usual

29、ly occurs at the edge of a pultrusion.porosity: porosity, internalthe presence of numerous pits orpin holes beneath the pultruded surface; usually observableonly in a cut cross section.porosity, surfacethe presence of numerous visible pits orpin holes at or near the pultruded surface.pultrude, vto d

30、raw resin-impregnated reinforcementthrough a die.pultruded, adjmade by pultrusion.pultrusion(1) a process described as the reversed “extru-sion” of resin-impregnated reinforcements in the manufac-ture of rods, tubes, sheets, and shapes of uniform crosssection. The reinforcement, after being wet-out

31、by theresin-application system, is drawn through a die to form thedesired cross section. (2) a term that is applied to the productof the above process. (3) a term used to show associationwith the above process.reinforcement distortionknotted, tangled, widely spaced,or otherwise abnormal but local ir

32、regularities in reinforce-ment distribution throughout the pultruded cross section.NOTE 22This condition usually causes noticeable changes in the localreinforcement content with crushing of the reinforcement or resin-richnessin isolated areas.reinforcement-rich areaan over-concentration of reinforce

33、-ment in the pultruded cross section.NOTE 23This usually occurs where mat or other reinforcement isfolded, creased, or bunched in a portion of the cross section.resin-rich areaan area of the pultrusion that lacks sufficientreinforcement.NOTE 24The fiber pattern may not be visible.D 3918 96 (2003)2ro

34、ving knota knotted or entangled section of roving foundin a pultrusion.NOTE 25Such a knot may cause high fiber concentration locally andmay or may not be visible as a white or light spot on the surface of thesection.saw burnblackening or carbonization of a cut surface of apultruded section.NOTE 26Th

35、is condition is usually caused by cutting with a dull sawblade, cutting too slowly, or cutting a highly reinforced material with adiamond blade without water.scalea condition wherein resin plates or particles are on thesurface of a pultrusion.NOTE 27Scales can often be readily removed, sometimes lea

36、vingsurface voids or depressions.scuffinglong white scrape marks on the surface of thepultrusion.NOTE 28This condition usually results from mechanical scraping orscratching of the pultrusion in the machine or in handling it afterwards.sluffinga condition wherein scales peel off or become loose,eithe

37、r partially or entirely, from the pultrusion.NOTE 29This term is applied to an occurrence during the pultrusionprocess and is not to be confused with scraping, prying, or physicallyremoving the scale from the pultrusion. “Sluffing” is sometimes spelled“sloughing”.stop marka band, either dull or glos

38、sy, on the surface,approximately12 to 3 in. (12 to 76 mm) wide and extendingaround the periphery of a pultruded shape.NOTE 30This condition is the result of an interruption in the normalcontinuous pulling operation.twista condition of longitudinal progressive rotation foundin pultruded parts.NOTE 31

39、This term describes a condition that can be easily detectedfor a noncircular cross section by placing the pultrusion on a planesurface, holding one end flat with the surface, and observing if one edgeor side of the other end does not lie parallel with that surface.voidany pocket of gas entrapment wi

40、thin or between theplies of reinforcement (see blister and porosity).wire brush surfacea roughness due to fibers protrudingabove the surface of the pultruded part.NOTE 32This condition usually occurs at the edge of a reinforcingmat strip and is typically located at the edges or corners of the profil

41、e.wrap seama depression or step in the surface finish causedby the lap of the flexible mold or carrier strip after it isremoved from the cured pultrusion.wrinkle depressionan undulation or series of undulations orwaves on the surface of the pultruded part.NOTE 33This condition can occur in either th

42、e lengthwise or cross-wise direction of the pultrusion and is caused by reinforcement shiftingand crowding (see folded reinforcement). Wrinkles affect the flatness ofthe surface.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item men

43、tionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee

44、 and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetin

45、g of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO

46、Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 3918 96 (2003)3