1、Designation: D 3934 90 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Method forFlash/No Flash TestEquilibrium Method by a Closed-CupApparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3934; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONASTM Flash Point Test Methods D56, D93, D 3278, and D 3941 are specified by governmentdepartments and
3、 agencies for determining whether liquids are flammable or combustible. Theseclassifications are used as the basis for regulating the handling and shipping of liquids.ISO/TC 35, Paints and Varnishes, and ISO/TC 28, Petroleum and Related Products, have issuedISO 1516 as a common standard, applicable
4、to paints, varnishes, petroleum, and related products. Thismethod is similar to ISO 1516 but uses standard ASTM cups and style and format. Test MethodsD 3278 and D 3828 operate on the equilibrium principle by using the Setaflash tester that has atemperature-control device.This test method does not d
5、etermine the finite flash point but whether or not flashing occurs at asingle specified temperature. The latter determination is made more accurate by ensuring that the testis carried out only when the material under test and the air/vapor mixture above it are in approximateequilibrium at the specif
6、ied temperature.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of whether aliquid complies with the closed-cup flash point requirements ingovernment regulations, or in specifications, or as agreedbetween the purchaser and the seller.1.2 This test method is limited to a temperature rangebetwee
7、n 0 and 110C (32 and 230F).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard should be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto heat and flame under cont
8、rolled laboratory conditions andshould not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard orfire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fireconditions. However, results of this test may be used aselements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account allof the factors which ar
9、e pertinent to an assessment of the firehazard of a particular end use.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine th
10、e applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD 3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by SmallScale Closed-Cup Appara
11、tusD 3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD 3941 Test Method for Flash Point by the EquilibriumMethod With a Closed-Cup ApparatusE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 1516 Paints, varnishes, petroleum, and relatedproductsFlash/no-flash
12、 testClosed cup equilibriummethod33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofASTM Subcommittee D01.22 on Flammability and Safety.Current edition approved
13、June 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 3934 90 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, ref
14、er to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
15、es.3.1.1 flash point, nthe lowest temperature corrected to apressure of 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) (1013 millibars) at whichapplication of an ignition source causes the vapor of thespecimen to ignite under specified conditions of test.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen in a closed cup of standard de
16、sign is heatedin a suitable liquid bath. After the specimen has been main-tained under equilibrium conditions for at least 10 min at thelowest allowable flash point temperature (within a permittedtolerance) of the specification or regulation, it is determinedwhether the specimen does or does not fla
17、sh.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method ensures that before the flash test is runthe air/vapor space above the specimen has attained a satura-tion concentration of vapor by using standard closed cupsunder equilibrium conditions. The saturation concentration ofthe vapors will be attained at so
18、me temperature between that ofthe liquid and the cooler apparatus lid. However, this tempera-ture will be close to the temperature of the specimen after it hasbeen maintained at the specified temperature for at least a10-min period. This test method does not provide for thedetermination of the actua
19、l flash point but only whether aspecimen does or does not flash at a specified temperature.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Cups, specified in Test Methods D56 (Tag) andD93(Pensky-Martens). Remove the test cup assembly (includ-ing lid and specimen thermometer) from the Tag and Pensky-Martens apparatus to permit
20、 either to be used in a separatewater bath.NOTE 1If a stirrer is fitted to the test cup, it shall be operated duringthe heating period but must be stopped during the flashing determination.If a stirrer originally fitted to the test cup is removed, the aperture in thecover shall be securely plugged b
21、efore starting the test.6.2 Liquid Bath, capable of being adjusted to the requiredspecification temperature and of adequate heat capacity to meetthe requirements of the test. A bath fitted with a stirrer and anadjustable thermostat is convenient (see 9.2).NOTE 2The bath should be fitted with a cover
22、, especially when thespecified temperature is above 160F. At about this temperature theinerting effect of the water vapor may prevent or delay the flashing of theliquid under test.6.3 ThermometersStandard thermometers specified inTest Methods D56and D93. One thermometer shall be usedto measure the t
23、emperature of the water bath and one shall beused for measuring the temperature of the specimen in the cup.NOTE 3The thermometers for the water bath should be mounted inthe bath at the correct level of immersion for which they are specified inSpecification E1.6.4 Support, for holding the test cup in
24、 the liquid bath sothat the cover and upper edge are horizontal and the cup isimmersed in direct contact with the liquid in such a positionthat the level of the specimen in the cup is the same as that ofthe liquid in the water bath.6.5 ShieldAthree-sided shield open in the front, each side18 in. (46
25、0 mm) wide and 24 in. (610 mm) high, is recom-mended.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Water or a 1 + 1 Mixture of Water and Ethylene Glycolmay be used as the bath liquid.8. Preparation of Sample8.1 Obtain a representative sample of the product under testand keep it in an airtight container.8.2 Because o
26、f the possibility of loss of volatiles, the sampleshall receive only the minimum treatment to assure uniformity.After removal of the specimen, immediately close the samplecontainer tightly to ensure that no volatile flammable compo-nents escape from the container (otherwise a new sample maybe necess
27、ary if further testing is required).8.3 Do not open containers unnecessarily. Do not maketransfers unless the sample temperature is at least 10C (20F)below the flash point.8.4 Discard samples in leaky containers.8.5 Do not store samples in plastic (polyethylene, polypro-pylene, etc.), since volatile
28、 material may diffuse through thewalls of the bottles.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Support the cup and liquid bath on a level, steady table.Unless tests are made in a draft-free room or compartment,surround the tester on three sides with the shield for protectionfrom drafts. Tests made in a labora
29、tory draft hood or nearventilation are not reliable.9.2 Adjust the temperature of the bath to, and maintain itwithin 0.5C (1.0F) of the specified test temperature, correct-ing this temperature for any difference from standard baromet-ric pressure by raising the test temperature for a higher pressure
30、or lowering it for a lower pressure.9.3 Carefully clean and dry the test cup, the cover, and thecup thermometer and bring them to at least 2C (4F) belowthe minimum specified test temperature.10. Procedure10.1 Fill the test cup with the appropriate amount ofspecimen for the cup being used at a temper
31、ature that is at least10C (20F) below the specified test temperature, corrected forbarometric pressure (Note 4). Remove bubbles on the surfaceof the specimen. Wipe the inside of the cover with a clean clothor absorbent tissue paper.NOTE 4Correct the temperature at which the test is to be performed i
32、naccordance with the appropriate equation:F 5 S 2 0.06 760 2 P! (1)C 5 T 2 0.03 760 2 P!F 5 S 2 0.42 101.3 2 B!C 5 T 2 0.23 101.3 2 B!where:F, C = test temperature when the barometric pressure differs from760 mm of Hg (101.3 kPa),S(T) = specified flash point, F (C), andD 3934 90 (2007)2P(B) = actual
33、 barometric pressure, mm of Hg (kPa).10.2 Immediately after filling the cup, place the cover inposition and support the cup in the bath so that the cover ishorizontal and the cup is immersed in direct contact with thewater and with the surface of the specimen at the same level asthe liquid in the ba
34、th.10.3 Light the flame of the ignition device and adjust it tothe size of a bead of diameter 4 mm (532 in.).10.4 Adjust the temperature of the specimen to within 0.5C(1.0F) of the minimum corrected test temperature and hold atthis temperature for 10 min. Apply the test flame by openingthe slide, in
35、serting and removing the nozzle of the ignitiondevice, and closing the slide again, over a period of 2.5 6 0.5s. While the test flame is inserted observe whether there is aflash.NOTE 5When the vapor mixture under test is near the flash-pointtemperature, application of the test flame may give rise to
36、 a halo; however,the material is only deemed to have flashed if a comparatively large blueflame appears and propagates itself over the surface of the liquid. If a largeblue flame does not appear as a flash but instead a continuous luminousflame burns in the orifice when the slide is opened and the i
37、gnition flameintroduced, then the flash point is much lower than the test temperature. Insuch circumstances, if further classification is desired, test a freshspecimen at the temperature limit for the next lower flash point classifi-cation.10.5 Repeat the test using a fresh specimen.11. Report11.1 R
38、eport the following:11.1.1 Whether the product did, or did not, flash at thespecified flash point, and11.1.2 The cup used.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Precision:12.1.1 While the precision of this test method has not beendetermined, the precision of a similar definitive test describedin Test Method D 3
39、941 can be used as an indication of theprecision of Test Method D 3934. This test method also can becompared to results in the flash, no-flash procedures in TestMethods D 3278 and D 3828 that are equilibrium methods.12.1.2 The precision of flash point determinations is im-proved by the use of equili
40、brium methods. While vapors in thismethod will reach an equilibrium at some temperature betweenthat of the liquid and that of the cooler apparatus cover, thetemperature of the liquid under conditions of Test MethodD 3934 will more closely approach true equilibrium betweenthe liquid under test and th
41、e vaporair mixture above it than inother methods run at finite heating rates.12.2 Bias:12.2.1 The procedure in this test method has no bias becausethe value of whether the material did or did not flash can bedefined only in terms of a test method.13. Keywords13.1 closed cup; flash/no flash; flash po
42、int; Pensky-Martens;TagASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringem
43、ent of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or
44、 for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views kn
45、own to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 3934 90 (2007)3
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