1、Designation: D3934 90 (Reapproved 2007)D3934 14Standard Test Method forFlash/No Flash TestEquilibrium Method by a Closed-CupApparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3934; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONASTM Flash Point Test Methods D56, D93, D3278, and D3941 are specified by governmentdepartments
3、and agencies for determining whether liquids are flammable or combustible. Theseclassifications are used as the basis for regulating the handling and shipping of liquids.ISO/TC 35, Paints and Varnishes, and ISO/TC 28, Petroleum and Related Products, have issued ISO1516 as a common standard, applicab
4、le to paints, varnishes, petroleum, and related products. Thismethod is similar to ISO 1516 but uses standard ASTM cups and style and format. Test MethodsD3278 and D3828 operate on the equilibrium principle by using the Setaflash tester that has atemperature-control device.This test method does not
5、determine the finite flash point but whether or not flashing occurs at asingle specified temperature. The latter determination is made more accurate by ensuring that the testis carried out only when the material under test and the air/vapor mixture above it are in approximateequilibrium at the speci
6、fied temperature.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of whether a liquid complies with the closed-cup flash point requirements ingovernment regulations, or in specifications, or as agreed between the purchaser and the seller.1.2 This test method is limited to a temperature r
7、ange between 0 and 110C (32 and 230F).1.3 The values stated in SIinch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 WarningMercury
8、 has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the
9、applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) fordetails and EPAs website, http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be aware that sellingmercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.5 This standard should be used to
10、measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response toheat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire riskof materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, result
11、s of this test may be used as elements of a firerisk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particularend use.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
12、the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and
13、is the direct responsibility of ASTMSubcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.Current edition approved June 1, 2007Dec. 15, 2014. Published June 2007January 2015. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 asD3934 90 (2001).(2007). DOI: 10.15
14、20/D3934-90R07.10.1520/D3934-14.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recomme
15、nds that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
16、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup TesterD3278 Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed-Cup ApparatusD38
17、28 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup TesterD3941 Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup ApparatusE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE2251 Specification for Liqu
18、id-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision LiquidsE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 1516 Paints, varnishes, petroleum, and related productsFlash/no-flash testClosed cup equilibrium method33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 flash point, nthe lowest tempera
19、ture corrected to a pressure of 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa) (1013 millibars) at whichapplication of an ignition source causes the vapor of the specimen to ignite under specified conditions of test.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen in a closed cup of standard design is heated in a suitable liquid bat
20、h. After the specimen has been maintainedunder equilibrium conditions for at least 10 min at the lowest allowable flash point temperature (within a permitted tolerance) ofthe specification or regulation, it is determined whether the specimen does or does not flash.5. Significance and Use5.1 This tes
21、t method ensures that before the flash test is run the air/vapor space above the specimen has attained a saturationconcentration of vapor by using standard closed cups under equilibrium conditions. The saturation concentration of the vapors willbe attained at some temperature between that of the liq
22、uid and the cooler apparatus lid. However, this temperature will be closeto the temperature of the specimen after it has been maintained at the specified temperature for at least a 10-min period. This testmethod does not provide for the determination of the actual flash point but only whether a spec
23、imen does or does not flash at aspecified temperature.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Cups, specified in Test Methods D56 (Tag) and D93 (Pensky-Martens). Remove the test cup assembly (including lidand specimen thermometer) from the Tag and Pensky-Martens apparatus to permit either to be used in a separate wate
24、r bath.NOTE 1If a stirrer is fitted to the test cup, it shall be operated during the heating period but must be stopped during the flashing determination. Ifa stirrer originally fitted to the test cup is removed, the aperture in the cover shall be securely plugged before starting the test.6.2 Liquid
25、 Bath, capable of being adjusted to the required specification temperature and of adequate heat capacity to meet therequirements of the test. A bath fitted with a stirrer and an adjustable thermostat is convenient (see 9.2).NOTE 2The bath should be fitted with a cover, especially when the specified
26、temperature is above 160F.At about this temperature the inerting effectof the water vapor may prevent or delay the flashing of the liquid under test.6.3 ThermometersStandard thermometers as specified in Test Methods D56 and D93. Alternative temperature measuringdevices are permitted providing they h
27、ave a similar response time and meet the respective performance and immersion depthspecifications of thermometers listed in Specification E1. See Specifications E1137 and E2251, and Guide E2877 when selectingalternative temperature measuring devices. One thermometer shall be used to measure the temp
28、erature of the water bath and oneshall be used for measuring the temperature of the specimen in the cup.NOTE 3The thermometers for the water bath should be mounted in the bath at the correct level of immersion for which they are specified inSpecification E1.6.4 Support, for holding the test cup in t
29、he liquid bath so that the cover and upper edge are horizontal and the cup is immersedin direct contact with the liquid in such a position that the level of the specimen in the cup is the same as that of the liquid in thewater bath.6.5 ShieldA three-sided shield open in the front, each side 18 in. (
30、460 mm) wide and 24 in. (610 mm) high, is recommended.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM websit
31、e.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D3934 1427. Reagents and Materials7.1 Water or a 1 + 1 Mixture of Water and Ethylene Glycol may be used as the bath liquid.8. Preparation of Sample8.1 Obtain a represent
32、ative sample of the product under test and keep it in an airtight container.8.2 Because of the possibility of loss of volatiles, the sample shall receive only the minimum treatment to assure uniformity.After removal of the specimen, immediately close the sample container tightly to ensure that no vo
33、latile flammable componentsescape from the container (otherwise a new sample may be necessary if further testing is required).8.3 Do not open containers unnecessarily. Do not make transfers unless the sample temperature is at least 10C (20F) belowthe flash point.8.4 Discard samples in leaky containe
34、rs.8.5 Do not store samples in plastic (polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.), since volatile material may diffuse through the walls ofthe bottles.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Support the cup and liquid bath on a level, steady table. Unless tests are made in a draft-free room or compartment, surround
35、the tester on three sides with the shield for protection from drafts. Tests made in a laboratory draft hood or near ventilation arenot reliable.9.2 Adjust the temperature of the bath to, and maintain it within 0.5C (1.0F) of the specified test temperature, correcting thistemperature for any differen
36、ce from standard barometric pressure by raising the test temperature for a higher pressure or loweringit for a lower pressure.9.3 Carefully clean and dry the test cup, the cover, and the cup thermometer and bring them to at least 2C (4F) below theminimum specified test temperature.10. Procedure10.1
37、Fill the test cup with the appropriate amount of specimen for the cup being used at a temperature that is at least 10C (20F)below the specified test temperature, corrected for barometric pressure (Note 4). Remove bubbles on the surface of the specimen.Wipe the inside of the cover with a clean cloth
38、or absorbent tissue paper.NOTE 4Correct the temperature at which the test is to be performed in accordance with the appropriate equation:F5S 20.06 7602P! (1)C5T 20.03 7602P!F5S 20.42 101.32B!C5T 20.23 101.32B!where:where:F, C = test temperature when the barometric pressure differs from 760 mm of Hg
39、(101.3 kPa),S(T) = specified flash point, F (C), andP(B) = actual barometric pressure, mm of Hg (kPa).10.2 Immediately after filling the cup, place the cover in position and support the cup in the bath so that the cover is horizontaland the cup is immersed in direct contact with the water and with t
40、he surface of the specimen at the same level as the liquid inthe bath.10.3 Light the flame of the ignition device and adjust it to the size of a bead of diameter 4 mm (532 in.).10.4 Adjust the temperature of the specimen to within 0.5C (1.0F) of the minimum corrected test temperature and hold at thi
41、stemperature for 10 min. Apply the test flame by opening the slide, inserting and removing the nozzle of the ignition device, andclosing the slide again, over a period of 2.5 6 0.5 s. While the test flame is inserted observe whether there is a flash.NOTE 5When the vapor mixture under test is near th
42、e flash-point temperature, application of the test flame may give rise to a halo; however, thematerial is only deemed to have flashed if a comparatively large blue flame appears and propagates itself over the surface of the liquid. If a large blueflame does not appear as a flash but instead a contin
43、uous luminous flame burns in the orifice when the slide is opened and the ignition flame introduced,then the flash point is much lower than the test temperature. In such circumstances, if further classification is desired, test a fresh specimen at thetemperature limit for the next lower flash point
44、classification.10.5 Repeat the test using a fresh specimen.D3934 14311. Report11.1 Report the following:11.1.1 Whether the product did, or did not, flash at the specified flash point, and11.1.2 The cup used.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Precision:12.1.1 While the precision of this test method has not b
45、een determined, the precision of a similar definitive test described inTest Method D3941 can be used as an indication of the precision of Test Method D3934. This test method also can be comparedto results in the flash, no-flash procedures in Test Methods D3278 and D3828 that are equilibrium methods.
46、12.1.2 The precision of flash point determinations is improved by the use of equilibrium methods. While vapors in this methodwill reach an equilibrium at some temperature between that of the liquid and that of the cooler apparatus cover, the temperatureof the liquid under conditions of Test Method D
47、3934 will more closely approach true equilibrium between the liquid under testand the vaporair mixture above it than in other methods run at finite heating rates.12.2 Bias:12.2.1 The procedure in this test method has no bias because the value of whether the material did or did not flash can be defin
48、edonly in terms of a test method.13. Keywords13.1 closed cup; flash/no flash; flash point; Pensky-Martens; TagSUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D01.21 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D393490(2007) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved
49、December 15, 2014.)(1) Addition of Warning to Scope in Section 1.(2) New referenced documents in Section 2.(3) Change to section 6.3.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible tech
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