1、Designation: D 3936 05Standard Test Method forResistance to Delamination of the Secondary Backing ofPile Yarn Floor Covering1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resis-tance to delamination of the secondary backing app
3、lied to somepile yarn floor coverings.1.2 This test method is applicable to all backings includingnatural manufactured fibers or attached cushion.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the textthe inch-pound units are shown i
4、n parentheses. The valuesstated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem must be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the specification. In case of referee decisions, the SI unitsshall prevail.1.4 This standard
5、does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
6、tandards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for TestingD 4697 Guide for Maintaining Test Methods in the UsersLaboratoryD 5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings3. Terminology3.1 For all
7、 other terminology related to Pile Floor Cover-ings, D13.21, see Terminology D 5684.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:attached cushion, carpet, constant-rate-of-extension, finished,finished pile yarn floor covering, floor covering, peak force,pile, pile yarn floor covering, res
8、istance to delamination,secondary backing, textile floor covering, tufted fabric.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-nology D 123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen is separated manually for a distance ofabout 38 mm (1.5 in.). Each layer then is placed in opposingclamps
9、 of a tensile tester, and the force to continue theseparation for a specified distance is recorded. The peak forcesin specified length intervals are averaged and the resistance todelamination calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments
10、. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2may be advisable.5.2 In a case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method, the purchaserand the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determineif there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-
11、tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigationof bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group oftest samples that are as homogenous as possible and are froma lot of material of the type in question. The test samples thenshould be assigned randomly in equal numbers to eac
12、hlaboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected or the purchaser an
13、d thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration to the known bias.5.3 This test method is useful to evaluate quality and costcontrol during the manufacture of pile yarn floor covering.Both appearance and performance of the pile floor coveringcan be affected by delaminat
14、ion of the secondary backing.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing MachineA constant-rate-of extension(CRE) type conforming to Specification D76with a constantrate of speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12 6 0.5 in./min) is1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direc
15、t responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Yarn Coverings.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 3936 03.Discontinued November 1996 and reinstated as D 3936 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit th
16、e ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
17、United States.preferred. A constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) type tensile test-ing machine conforming to Specification D76and operated atthe same speed is permitted. There may be no overall correla-tion with CRE-type and CRT-type testing machines. Conse-quently, the two machines cannot be used interch
18、angeably. Incase of controversy, the CRE-type testing machine shallprevail.6.2 Clamps and Jaw FacesThe use of hydraulic orpneumatic clamping systems with a minimum of 25 mm 3 75mm (1 in. 3 3 in.) serrated or padded faces designed tominimize slippage in the clamps during testing is recom-mended. Manu
19、al clamping is permitted providing no slippageof the specimen is observed. The faces shall be parallel andhave matching centers with respect to one another in the sameclamp and to the corresponding jaw face of the other clamp.6.3 Tape, self adhering, cloth reinforced tape has been foundsuitable.7. S
20、ampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of rolls or pieces of pile yarn floorcovering as directed in an applicable material specification orother agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.Consider the rolls or pieces of pile yarn floor covering to
21、 be theprimary sampling units. In the absence of such an agreement,take one roll or piece from the lot to be tested.NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenrolls or pieces of pile yarn floor covering and
22、 between specimens from aroll or pieces of pile yarn floor covering to provide a sampling plan witha meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level,and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take alaboratory sampling unit that is a minimum of 460 mm
23、(18 in.)in the machine direction by full width (cross machine direc-tion) from each roll or piece in the lot sample.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,cut three specimens with the longer direction parallel to themachine direction. Consider the long dimension as the direc-tion of th
24、e test.7.3.1 Secondary Back of Textile ConstructionCut thespecimens 75 6 2 mm by at least 150 mm (3 6 0.08 in. by atleast 6 in.).7.3.2 Attached Cushion Construction Cut the specimens50 6 2 mm by at least 150 mm (2 6 0.08 in. by at least 6 in.).7.3.3 Specimen Sampling and Labelling Take specimens,rep
25、resenting a broad distribution along the length and acrossthe width of each laboratory sampling unit. Take one specimennear each edge of the laboratory sampling unit but no nearerthe extreme edge than 5 % of its width, and take one specimenfrom the center area. Ensure that specimens are free of fold
26、s,creases or wrinkles.Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc., on thespecimens when handling. Label to maintain specimen identity.8. Conditioning8.1 Bring the specimen to moisture equilibrium for testingin the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, approachingequilibrium from the dry side without
27、heat. Determine thatmoisture equilibrium for testing has been attained as directed inPractice D 1776.9. Preparation of Specimens9.1 At one end of the specimen, manually separate thesecondary backing from the pile yarn floor covering forapproximately 38 mm (1.5 in.).9.2 Cover the attached cushion sid
28、e of each test specimenwith self-adhering cloth reinforced tape. At one end of the testspecimen, manually separate the attached cushion from the testspecimen for approximately 38 mm (1.5 in.).10. Preparation and Verification of Apparatus Systems10.1 Preparation of Tensile Testing Machine:10.1.1 Prep
29、are the machine according to the manufacturersinstructions and using the conditions given in 10.1.2-10.2.2.10.1.2 Set the distances between the clamps at 25 6 1mm(10 6 0.05 in.). Select the full-scale force range of the testingmachine such that the maximum force occurs between 15 and85 % of full-sca
30、le force. Verify the testing machine for thisrange.10.1.3 Select the testing machine speed of 300 6 10mm/min (12 6 0.5 in.)/min.10.1.4 When using a microprocessor automatic data gather-ing system, set the appropriate parameters as defined in themanufacturers instructions.10.2 Verification of the Tot
31、al Operating System of theApparatus:10.2.1 Verify the total operating system, for example, load-ing, clamping, and recording or data collection, whenever thereare changes in the loading system, especially an increase, orclamping mechanism by testing a control material.10.2.2 Compare the data with th
32、e previous data, if theaverage is outside the tolerances established, and recheck thetotal system to locate the cause of the deviation (see GuideD 4697).11. Procedure11.1 Mount the loose end of the secondary backing orattached cushion, as applicable, in the stationary clamp jawsand the other loose e
33、nd of the specimen in the movable clamp.Apply uniform tension across the clamp width of the specimen(see Fig. 1).11.2 Start the machine and autographic recording device. Ifthe attached cushion breaks, record that the resistance todelamination exceeds the breaking force of the cushion.11.3 A trace fr
34、om the recording device consisting of a seriesof peaks, each representing the force at which the layers haveseparated, and troughs corresponding to the fall back of theforce will be generated.After the initial peak is recorded and anadditional 75 mm (3 in.) of the specimen has been delaminated,(this
35、 represents approximately 150 mm (6.0 in.) of jawseparation), stop the machine, and return the crosshead to thestart position.11.4 Remove the delaminated specimen from the clamps,and test the remaining specimens.D393605212. Calculation12.1 From the recording device, determine the value of thehighest
36、 peak in each 12 mm (0.5-in.) interval of delamination,ignoring the initial peak force (which represents approximately24 mm (1.0 in.) of jaw separation). Average these five peakforces for each specimen to the nearest 0.5 N (0.1 lbf) (see Fig.2).12.2 Calculate the resistance to delamination for each
37、speci-men to the nearest 0.5 N (0.1 lbf)/unit width, using thefollowing equation:D 5 F/W (1)where:D = resistance to delamination, N/mm (lbf/in.),F = average peak force for the specimen, N (lbf), andW = specimen width, 75 mm (3 in.).12.3 Calculate the average resistance to delamination foreach labora
38、tory sampling unit and for the lot, or both.12.4 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient of varia-tion, or both, if requested.13. Report13.1 State that the resistance to delamination was deter-mined as directed in Test Method D 3936. Describe thematerial or product sampled and the method of
39、sampling used.13.2 Report the following information:13.2.1 The resistance to delamination for each specimenand laboratory sampling unit and for the lot.13.2.2 On attached cushion specimens, if the cushionbreaks, report the peak force and note that the resistance todelamination exceeds the breaking f
40、orce of the cushion.13.2.3 If calculated, the standard deviation, or coefficient ofvariation, or both.13.2.4 Record the type of testing machine.FIG. 1 Specimen Mounted in ClampsFIG. 2 Typical Autographic Trace Showing Highest Peaks in 6Length IntervalsTABLE 1 Critical Differences for Two Averages fo
41、r theConditions NotedNumber of TestResults in EachAverage95 % Probability Level, lbs/in.Single Material ComparisonsBetween-LaboratoryPrecisionSingle OperatorPrecisionWithin-LaboratoryPrecision1 .67 .83 1.323 .38 .63 1.216 .27 .55 1.188 .24 .55 1.17TABLE 2 Critical Differences for Two Averages for th
42、eConditions NotedNumber of TestResults in EachAverage95 % Probability Level, lbs/in.Multi-Material ComparisonsBetween-LaboratoryPrecisionSingle OperatorPrecisionWithin-LaboratoryPrecision1 .68 .84 1.343 .40 .64 1.216 .30 .58 1.188 .27 .57 1.18TABLE 3 Components of Variance Expressed as StandardDevia
43、tionsAVariance ComponentSingle-MaterialComparisonsMulti-MaterialComparisonsWithin-laboratory .37 .37 + .044Single-operator .18 .18Between-laboratory .24 .38AThe square roots of the components of variance are being reported to expressthe variability in the appropriate units of measure rather than as
44、the squares ofthose units of measure.D393605314. Precision and Bias14.1 SummaryIn comparing two averages, the differencesshould not exceed the single-operator precision values shownin Tables 1 and 2 for the respective number of tests in 95 outof 100 cases when all the observations are taken by the s
45、amewell trained operator using the same test method techniquesand specimens drawn randomly from the sample of material.Larger differences are likely to occur under all other circum-stances.14.2 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory test wasrun in 1996 in which randomly-drawn samples of four ma
46、te-rials were tested in each of two laboratories. Each laboratoryused two operators, each of whom tested two specimens ofeach material using this test method. The components ofvariance for resistance to delamination expressed as standarddeviations were calculated to be the values listed in Table 3.T
47、he material types were:Material 1 Tufted loop pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 28 oz/yd2)Material 2 Tufted cut pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 32 oz/yd2)Material 3 Tufted cut pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 46 oz/yd2)Materi
48、al 4 Tufted loop pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 32 oz/yd2)14.3 PrecisionFor the components of variance reported inTable 3, two averages of observed values should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % probability level if thedifference equals or exceeds the criti
49、cal differences listed inTables 1 and 2.NOTE 2The tabulated values of the critical differences should beconsidered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between-laboratory precision.14.4 BiasThe value of resistance to delamination ofsecondary backings only can be defined in terms of a testmethod. Within this limitation, Test Method D 3936 has noknown bias.15. Keywords15.1 carpet; peel; pile yarn floor covering; strength delami-nation; textile floor coveringASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted
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