1、Designation: D3936 11Standard Test Method forResistance to Delamination of the Secondary Backing ofPile Yarn Floor Covering1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resis-tance to delamination of the secondary backing applie
3、d to somepile yarn floor coverings.1.2 This test method is applicable to all backings includingnatural manufactured fibers or attached cushion.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are pro
4、vided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bil
5、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD4697 Guide for Maintaining Test Methods in the UsersLaboratory3D5
6、684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings3. Terminology3.1 For all other terminology related to Pile Floor Cover-ings, D13.21, see Terminology D5684.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:attached cushion, carpet, constant-rate-of-extension, finished,finished pile yarn floor
7、covering, floor covering, peak force,pile, pile yarn floor covering, resistance to delamination,secondary backing, textile floor covering, tufted fabric.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-nology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen is separated manually for a distan
8、ce ofabout 1.5 in. (38 mm). Each layer then is placed in opposingclamps of a tensile tester, and the force to continue theseparation for a specified distance is recorded. The peak forcesin specified length intervals are averaged and the resistance todelamination calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1
9、 This test method is used for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2may be advisable.5.2 In a case of a dispute arising from differences inreported test results when using this test method, the purchaserand the supplier should conduct comparative tests to det
10、ermineif there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigationof bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group oftest samples that are as homogenous as possible and are froma lot of material of the type in question. T
11、he test samples thenshould be assigned randomly in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing is begun. If a bias is
12、 found, either itscause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration to the known bias.5.3 This test method is useful to evaluate quality and costcontrol during the manufacture of pile yarn floor covering.Both appearance
13、 and performance of the pile floor coveringcan be affected by delamination of the secondary backing.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Coverings.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Publ
14、ished October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D3936 05.Discontinued November 1996 and reinstated as D3936 97. DOI: 10.1520/D3936-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
15、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
16、9428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing MachineA constant-rate-of extension(CRE) type conforming to Specification D76 with a constantrate of speed of 12 6 0.5 in./min (304 6 10 mm/min) ispreferred. A constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) type tensile test-ing machine conforming to Specifi
17、cation D76 and operated atthe same speed is permitted. There may be no overall correla-tion with CRE-type and CRT-type testing machines. Conse-quently, the two machines cannot be used interchangeably. Incase of controversy, the CRE-type testing machine shallprevail.6.2 Clamps and Jaw FacesThe use of
18、 hydraulic orpneumatic clamping systems with a minimum of 1 by 3 in. (25by 76 mm) serrated or padded faces designed to minimizeslippage in the clamps during testing is recommended. Manualclamping is permitted providing no slippage of the specimen isobserved. The faces shall be parallel and have matc
19、hing centerswith respect to one another in the same clamp and to thecorresponding jaw face of the other clamp.6.3 Tape, self adhering, cloth reinforced tape has been foundsuitable.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of rolls or pieces of pile yar
20、n floorcovering as directed in an applicable material specification orother agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.Consider the rolls or pieces of pile yarn floor covering to be theprimary sampling units. In the absence of such an agreement,take one roll or piece from the lot to be tested.
21、NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenrolls or pieces of pile yarn floor covering and between specimens from aroll or pieces of pile yarn floor covering to provide a sampling plan witha meaningful prod
22、ucers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level,and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take alaboratory sampling unit that is a minimum of 18 in. (457 mm)in the machine direction by full width (cross machine direc-tion) from each roll or piece in the lot sample.
23、7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,cut three specimens with the longer direction parallel to themachine direction. Consider the long dimension as the direc-tion of the test.7.3.1 Secondary Back of Textile ConstructionCut thespecimens 3 6 0.08 in. by at least 6 in. (76 6 2 mm by at
24、least150 mm).7.3.2 Attached Cushion ConstructionCut the specimens 26 0.08 in. by at least 6 in. (50 6 2 mm by at least 152 mm).7.3.3 Specimen Sampling and Labelling Take specimens,representing a broad distribution along the length and acrossthe width of each laboratory sampling unit. Take one specim
25、ennear each edge of the laboratory sampling unit but no nearerthe extreme edge than 5 % of its width, and take one specimenfrom the center area. Ensure that specimens are free of folds,creases or wrinkles.Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc., on thespecimens when handling. Label to maintain specim
26、en identity.8. Conditioning8.1 Bring the specimen to moisture equilibrium for testingin the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, approachingequilibrium from the dry side without heat. Determine thatmoisture equilibrium for testing has been attained as directed inPractice D1776.9. Preparation of
27、 Specimens9.1 At one end of the specimen, manually separate thesecondary backing from the pile yarn floor covering forapproximately 1.5 in. (38 mm).9.2 Cover the attached cushion side of each test specimenwith self-adhering cloth reinforced tape. At one end of the testspecimen, manually separate the
28、 attached cushion from the testspecimen for approximately 1.5 in. (38 mm).10. Preparation and Verification of Apparatus Systems10.1 Preparation of Tensile Testing Machine:10.1.1 Prepare the machine according to the manufacturersinstructions and using the conditions given in 10.1.2-10.2.2.10.1.2 Set
29、the distances between the clamps at 1.0 6 0.05in. (25.4 6 1 mm). Select the full-scale force range of thetesting machine such that the maximum force occurs between15 and 85 % of full-scale force. Verify the testing machine forthis range.10.1.3 Select the testing machine speed of 12 6 0.5 in./min(304
30、 6 10 mm/min).10.1.4 When using a microprocessor automatic data gather-ing system, set the appropriate parameters as defined in themanufacturers instructions.10.2 Verification of the Total Operating System of theApparatus:10.2.1 Verify the total operating system, for example, load-ing, clamping, and
31、 recording or data collection, whenever thereare changes in the loading system, especially an increase, orclamping mechanism by testing a control material.10.2.2 Compare the data with the previous data, if theaverage is outside the tolerances established, and recheck thetotal system to locate the ca
32、use of the deviation (see GuideD4697).11. Procedure11.1 Mount the loose end of the secondary backing orattached cushion, as applicable, in the stationary clamp jawsand the other loose end of the specimen in the movable clamp.Apply uniform tension across the clamp width of the specimen(see Fig. 1).11
33、.2 Start the machine and autographic recording device. Ifthe attached cushion breaks, record that the resistance todelamination exceeds the breaking force of the cushion.11.3 A trace from the recording device consisting of a seriesof peaks, each representing the force at which the layers haveseparat
34、ed, and troughs corresponding to the fall back of theforce will be generated.After the initial peak is recorded and anadditional 3 in. (76 mm) of the specimen has been delaminated,(this represents approximately 6.0 in. (152 mm) of jawseparation), stop the machine, and return the crosshead to thestar
35、t position.D3936 11211.4 Remove the delaminated specimen from the clamps,and test the remaining specimens.12. Calculation12.1 From the recording device, determine the value of thehighest peak in each 0.5-in. (13 mm) interval of delamination,ignoring the initial peak force (which represents approxima
36、tely1.0 in. (25 mm) of jaw separation). Average these five peakforces for each specimen to the nearest 0.1 lbf (0.5 N) (see Fig.2).12.2 Calculate the resistance to delamination for each speci-men to the nearest 0.1 lbf (0.5 N)/unit width, using thefollowing equation:D 5 F/W (1)where:D = resistance t
37、o delamination, lbf/in. (N/mm),F = average peak force for the specimen, lbf (N), andW = specimen width, 3 in. (76 mm).12.3 Calculate the average resistance to delamination foreach laboratory sampling unit and for the lot, or both.12.4 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient of varia-tion, or
38、 both, if requested.13. Report13.1 State that the resistance to delamination was deter-mined as directed in Test Method D3936. Describe the materialor product sampled and the method of sampling used.13.2 Report the following information:13.2.1 The resistance to delamination for each specimenand labo
39、ratory sampling unit and for the lot.13.2.2 On attached cushion specimens, if the cushionbreaks, report the peak force and note that the resistance todelamination exceeds the breaking force of the cushion.13.2.3 If calculated, the standard deviation, or coefficient ofvariation, or both.13.2.4 Record
40、 the type of testing machine.FIG. 1 Specimen Mounted in ClampsFIG. 2 Typical Autographic Trace Showing Highest Peaks in 6Length IntervalsTABLE 1 Critical Differences for Two Averages for theConditions NotedNumber of TestResults in EachAverage95 % Probability Level, lbs/in.Single Material Comparisons
41、Between-LaboratoryPrecisionSingle OperatorPrecisionWithin-LaboratoryPrecision1 .67 .83 1.323 .38 .63 1.216 .27 .55 1.188 .24 .55 1.17TABLE 2 Critical Differences for Two Averages for theConditions NotedNumber of TestResults in EachAverage95 % Probability Level, lbs/in.Multi-Material ComparisonsBetwe
42、en-LaboratoryPrecisionSingle OperatorPrecisionWithin-LaboratoryPrecision1 .68 .84 1.343 .40 .64 1.216 .30 .58 1.188 .27 .57 1.18TABLE 3 Components of Variance Expressed as StandardDeviationsAVariance ComponentSingle-MaterialComparisonsMulti-MaterialComparisonsWithin-laboratory .37 .37 + .044Single-o
43、perator .18 .18Between-laboratory .24 .38AThe square roots of the components of variance are being reported to expressthe variability in the appropriate units of measure rather than as the squares ofthose units of measure.D3936 11314. Precision and Bias14.1 SummaryWhen comparing two averages, the di
44、ffer-ences should not exceed the single-operator precision valuesshown in Tables 1 and 2 for the respective number of tests in95 out of 100 cases when all the observations are taken by thesame well trained operator using the same test method tech-niques and specimens drawn randomly from the sample o
45、fmaterial. Larger differences are likely to occur under all othercircumstances.14.2 Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory test wasrun in 1996 in which randomly-drawn samples of four mate-rials were tested in each of two laboratories. Each laboratoryused two operators, each of whom tested two s
46、pecimens ofeach material using this test method. The components ofvariance for resistance to delamination expressed as standarddeviations were calculated to be the values listed in Table 3.The material types were:Material 1 Tufted loop pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 28 oz/
47、yd2)Material 2 Tufted cut pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 32 oz/yd2)Material 3 Tufted cut pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 46 oz/yd2)Material 4 Tufted loop pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 32 oz/yd2)14.3 PrecisionFor the com
48、ponents of variance reported inTable 3, two averages of observed values should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95 % probability level if thedifference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed inTables 1 and 2.NOTE 2The tabulated values of the critical differences should beconsid
49、ered to be a general statement, particularly with respect to between-laboratory precision.14.4 BiasThe value of resistance to delamination ofsecondary backings only can be defined in terms of a testmethod. Within this limitation, Test Method D3936 has noknown bias.15. Keywords15.1 carpet; peel; pile yarn floor covering; strength delami-nation; textile floor coveringASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that de
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