1、Designation:D393611 Designation: D3936 12Standard Test Method forResistance to Delamination of the Secondary Backing ofPile Yarn Floor Covering1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to delamination of the secon
3、dary backing applied to some pileyarn floor coverings.1.2 This test method is applicable to all backings including natural manufactured fibers or attached cushion.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to
4、SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and det
5、ermine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD4697 Guide for Maintaining Test Methods in th
6、e Users LaboratoryD5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings Terminology Relating to Pile Floor CoveringsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods3. Terminology3.1 For all other terminology related to Pile Floor Coverings, D13.21, see Terminology D5684.3.1.1
7、The following terms are relevant to this standard: attached cushion, carpet, constant-rate-of-extension, finished, finishedpile yarn floor covering, floor covering, peak force, pile, pile yarn floor covering, resistance to delamination, secondary backing,textile floor covering, tufted fabric.3.2 For
8、 all other terminology related to textiles, see Terminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen is separated manually for a distance of about 1.5 in. (38 mm). Each layer then is placed in opposing clampsof a tensile tester, and the force to continue the separation for a specified distance i
9、s recorded. The peak forces in specified lengthintervals are averaged and the resistance to delamination calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2 may beadvisable.5.2 In a case of a dispute aris
10、ing from differences in reported test results when using this test method, the purchaser and thesupplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statisticalassistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum
11、, the two parties should take a group of test samples thatare as homogenous as possible and are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test samples then should be assignedrandomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be co
12、mpared using1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Coverings.Current edition approved Aug.July 1, 2011.2012. Published October 2011.August 2012. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edi
13、tion approved in 20052011 asD393605.D3936 11. Discontinued November 1996 and reinstated as D3936 97. DOI: 10.1520/D3936-112.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information,
14、refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict al
15、l changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
16、59, United States.a statistical test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a biasis found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test resultswith consideratio
17、n to the known bias.5.3 This test method is useful to evaluate quality and cost control during the manufacture of pile yarn floor covering. Bothappearance and performance of the pile floor covering can be affected by delamination of the secondary backing.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing MachineA cons
18、tant-rate-of extension (CRE) type conforming to Specification D76 with a constant rate ofspeed of 12 6 0.5 in./min (304 6 10 mm/min) is preferred. A constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) type tensile testing machineconforming to Specification D76 and operated at the same speed is permitted. There may be n
19、o overall correlation with CRE-typeand CRT-type testing machines. Consequently, the two machines cannot be used interchangeably. In case of controversy, theCRE-type testing machine shall prevail.6.2 Clamps and Jaw FacesThe use of hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems with a minimum of 1 by 3 in. (
20、25 by 76 mm)serrated or padded faces designed to minimize slippage in the clamps during testing is recommended. Manual clamping ispermitted providing no slippage of the specimen is observed. The faces shall be parallel and have matching centers with respectto one another in the same clamp and to the
21、 corresponding jaw face of the other clamp.6.3 Tape, self adhering, cloth reinforced tape has been found suitable.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the number of rolls or pieces of pile yarn floor coveringas directed in an applicable material specificati
22、on or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rollsor pieces of pile yarn floor covering to be the primary sampling units. In the absence of such an agreement, take one roll or piecefrom the lot to be tested.NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement between the
23、purchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability between rollsor pieces of pile yarn floor covering and between specimens from a roll or pieces of pile yarn floor covering to provide a sampling plan with a meaningfulproducers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and lim
24、iting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take a laboratory sampling unit that is a minimum of 18 in. (457 mm) in themachine direction by full width (cross machine direction) from each roll or piece in the lot sample.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit, cut th
25、ree specimens with the longer direction parallel to the machinedirection. Consider the long dimension as the direction of the test.7.3.1 Secondary Back of Textile ConstructionCut the specimens 3 6 0.08 in. by at least 6 in. (76 6 2 mm by at least 150mm).7.3.2 Attached Cushion ConstructionCut the spe
26、cimens 2 6 0.08 in. by at least 6 in. (50 6 2 mm by at least 152 mm).7.3.3 Specimen Sampling and Labelling Take specimens, representing a broad distribution along the length and across thewidth of each laboratory sampling unit. Take one specimen near each edge of the laboratory sampling unit but no
27、nearer theextreme edge than 5 % of its width, and take one specimen from the center area. Ensure that specimens are free of folds, creasesor wrinkles. Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc., on the specimens when handling. Label to maintain specimen identity.8. Conditioning8.1 Bring the specimen to
28、moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, approachingequilibrium from the dry side without heat. Determine that moisture equilibrium for testing has been attained as directed in PracticeD1776.9. Preparation of Specimens9.1 At one end of the specimen, manually
29、separate the secondary backing from the pile yarn floor covering for approximately1.5 in. (38 mm).9.2 Cover the attached cushion side of each test specimen with self-adhering cloth reinforced tape. At one end of the testspecimen, manually separate the attached cushion from the test specimen for appr
30、oximately 1.5 in. (38 mm).10. Preparation and Verification of Apparatus Systems10.1 Preparation of Tensile Testing Machine:10.1.1 Prepare the machine according to the manufacturers instructions and using the conditions given in 10.1.2-10.2.2.10.1.2 Set the distances between the clamps at 1.0 6 0.05
31、in. (25.4 6 1 mm). Select the full-scale force range of the testingmachine such that the maximum force occurs between 15 and 85 % of full-scale force. Verify the testing machine for this range.10.1.3 Select the testing machine speed of 12 6 0.5 in./min (304 6 10 mm/min).10.1.4 When using a microproc
32、essor automatic data gathering system, set the appropriate parameters as defined in themanufacturers instructions.10.2 Verification of the Total Operating System of the Apparatus:D3936 12210.2.1 Verify the total operating system, for example, loading, clamping, and recording or data collection, when
33、ever there arechanges in the loading system, especially an increase, or clamping mechanism by testing a control material.10.2.2 Compare the data with the previous data, if the average is outside the tolerances established, and recheck the total systemto locate the cause of the deviation (see Guide D
34、4697).11. Procedure11.1 Mount the loose end of the secondary backing or attached cushion, as applicable, in the stationary clamp jaws and the otherloose end of the specimen in the movable clamp. Apply uniform tension across the clamp width of the specimen (see Fig. 1).11.2 Start the machine and auto
35、graphic recording device. If the attached cushion breaks, record that the resistance todelamination exceeds the breaking force of the cushion.11.3 A trace from the recording device consisting of a series of peaks, each representing the force at which the layers haveseparated, and troughs correspondi
36、ng to the fall back of the force will be generated. After the initial peak is recorded and anadditional 3 in. (76 mm) of the specimen has been delaminated, (this represents approximately 6.0 in. (152 mm) of jaw separation),stop the machine, and return the crosshead to the start position.11.4 Remove
37、the delaminated specimen from the clamps, and test the remaining specimens.12. Calculation12.1 From the recording device, determine the value of the highest peak in each 0.5-in. (13 mm) interval of delamination,ignoring the initial peak force (which represents approximately 1.0 in. (25 mm) of jaw se
38、paration). Average these five peak forcesfor each specimen to the nearest 0.1 lbf (0.5 N) (see Fig. 2).12.2 Calculate the resistance to delamination for each specimen to the nearest 0.1 lbf (0.5 N)/unit width, using the followingequation:D 5 F/W (1)D3936-12_1where:D = resistance to delamination, lbf
39、/in. (N/mm),F = average peak force for the specimen, lbf (N), andW = specimen width, 3 in. (76 mm).12.3 Calculate the average resistance to delamination for each laboratory sampling unit and for the lot, or both.12.4 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient of variation, or both, if requested
40、.13. Report13.1 State that the resistance to delamination was determined as directed in Test Method D3936. Describe the material orproduct sampled and the method of sampling used.FIG. 1 Specimen Mounted in ClampsD3936 12313.2 Report the following information:13.2.1 The resistance to delamination for
41、 each specimen and laboratory sampling unit and for the lot.13.2.2 On attached cushion specimens, if the cushion breaks, report the peak force and note that the resistance to delaminationexceeds the breaking force of the cushion.13.2.3 If calculated, the standard deviation, or coefficient of variati
42、on, or both.13.2.4 Record the type of testing machine.14. Precision and Bias14.1SummaryWhen comparing two averages, the differences should not exceed the single-operator precision values shown inTables 1 and 2 for the respective number of tests in 95 out of 100 cases when all the observations are ta
43、ken by the same well trainedoperator using the same test method techniques and specimens drawn randomly from the sample of material. Larger differencesare likely to occur under all other circumstances.14.2Interlaboratory Test DataAn interlaboratory test was run in 1996 in which randomly-drawn sample
44、s of four materialswere tested in each of two laboratories. Each laboratory used two operators, each of whom tested two specimens of each materialusing this test method. The components of variance for resistance to delamination expressed as standard deviations were calculatedto be the values listed
45、in Table 3. The material types were:FIG. 2 Typical Autographic Trace Showing Highest Peaks in 6Length IntervalsTABLE 1 CriticalDifferelaminces fation Str Two Averanges forth (lbs pe Condr itions Noted2)NuCarpetSpecimben Aver of TagesARepeatabilityResulSts ianEdachrdAvDerviagtionRe95 %Pproducibabilit
46、yLevel, lbs/in.Single MaterialCompndarisonsBetween-dLDeviabtiornRepeatorabilityPrLimitReproducisbionlityLimitSingle OperatorPrecisionxWithin-LabosratoryPrecisionRr R1 .67 .83 1 .300 1.42MultiLevel Loop 4.66 0.36 0.51 1.00 1.423 .38 .63 0.70 1.219 1.96Beige LCL 4.52 0.42 0.70 1.19 1.966 .27 .55 1.1 8
47、Green Brown CutPile3.05 0.46 0.71 1.28 2.008 .24 .55 1 .65 1.42Light Beige Cut Pile 2.77 0.23 0.51 0.65 1.42Light Brown CutPile2.80 0.49 0.75 1.37 2.09Population AverageResults1.10 1.78AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.D3936 124Material 1 Tufted loop pile carpet (SBR latex with wo
48、ven synthetic back)(Nominal 28 oz/yd2)Material 2 Tufted cut pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 32 oz/yd2)Material 3 Tufted cut pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 46 oz/yd2)Material 4 Tufted loop pile carpet (SBR latex with woven synthetic back)(Nominal 3
49、2 oz/yd2)14.3PrecisionFor the components of variance reported in Table 3, two averages of observed values should be consideredsignificantly different at the 95% probability level if the difference equals or exceeds the critical differences listed in Tables 1 and214.1 The precision of this test method is based on an interlaboratory study of D3936, Test Method for Resistance toDelamination of the Secondary Backing of Pile Yarn Floor Covering, conducted in 2011. Five laboratories participated in thisstudy. All of the laboratories reported three replicate te
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