1、Designation: D3936 17Standard Test Method forResistance to Delamination of the Secondary Backing ofPile Yarn Floor Covering1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resis-tance to delamination of the secondary backing applie
3、d to somepile yarn floor coverings.1.2 This test method is applicable to all backings includingnatural manufactured fibers or attached cushion.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are pro
4、vided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bil
5、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the Wo
6、rld Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for TextilesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD4697 Guide for Maintaining Test Methods in
7、 the UsersLaboratory (Withdrawn 2009)3D5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor CoveringsE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods3. Terminology3.1 For all other terminology related to Pile FloorCoverings, D13.21, see Terminology D5684.3.1.1 The following terms are rel
8、evant to this standard:attached cushion, carpet, constant-rate-of-extension, finished,finished pile yarn floor covering, floor covering, peak force,pile, pile yarn floor covering, resistance to delamination,secondary backing, textile floor covering, tufted fabric.3.2 For all other terminology relate
9、d to textiles, see Termi-nology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A specimen is separated manually for a distance ofabout 1.5 in. (38 mm). Each layer then is placed in opposingclamps of a tensile tester, and the force to continue theseparation for a specified distance is recorded. The peak forcesin
10、specified length intervals are averaged and the resistance todelamination calculated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for acceptance testing ofcommercial shipments. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2may be advisable.5.2 In a case of a dispute arising from differences inreported
11、test results when using this test method, the purchaserand the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determineif there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Compe-tent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigationof bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a g
12、roup oftest samples that are as homogenous as possible and are froma lot of material of the type in question. The test samples thenshould be assigned randomly in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. The average results from the twolaboratories should be compared using a statistical test foru
13、npaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by thetwo parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either itscause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and thesupplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-eration to the known bias.1This test method is u
14、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Coverings.Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D3936 12. DOI:10.1520/D3936-17.2F
15、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is refer
16、enced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th
17、eDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.3 This test method is useful to evaluate quality and costcontrol during the manufacture of pile yarn floor covering.Both appearance and performanc
18、e of the pile floor coveringcan be affected by delamination of the secondary backing.6. Apparatus6.1 Tensile Testing MachineA constant-rate-of extension(CRE) type conforming to Specification D76 with a constantrate of speed of 12 6 0.5 in./min (304 6 10 mm/min) ispreferred. A constant-rate-of-traver
19、se (CRT) type tensile test-ing machine conforming to Specification D76 and operated atthe same speed is permitted. There may be no overall correla-tion with CRE-type and CRT-type testing machines.Consequently, the two machines cannot be used interchange-ably. In case of controversy, the CRE-type tes
20、ting machineshall prevail.6.2 Clamps and Jaw FacesThe use of hydraulic or pneu-matic clamping systems with a minimum of 1 by 3 in. (25 by76 mm) serrated or padded faces designed to minimizeslippage in the clamps during testing is recommended. Manualclamping is permitted providing no slippage of the
21、specimen isobserved. The faces shall be parallel and have matching centerswith respect to one another in the same clamp and to thecorresponding jaw face of the other clamp.6.3 Tape, self adhering, cloth reinforced tape has been foundsuitable.7. Sampling7.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance te
22、sting, takeat random the number of rolls or pieces of pile yarn floorcovering as directed in an applicable material specification orother agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.Consider the rolls or pieces of pile yarn floor covering to be theprimary sampling units. In the absence of such
23、an agreement,take one roll or piece from the lot to be tested.NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenrolls or pieces of pile yarn floor covering and between specimens from aroll or pieces of pile yarn f
24、loor covering to provide a sampling plan witha meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level,and limiting quality level.7.2 Laboratory SampleFor acceptance testing, take alaboratory sampling unit that is a minimum of 18 in. (457 mm)in the machine direction by full width (cross
25、machine direc-tion) from each roll or piece in the lot sample.7.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,cut three specimens with the longer direction parallel to themachine direction. Consider the long dimension as the direc-tion of the test.7.3.1 Secondary Back of Textile ConstructionCut
26、 thespecimens 3 6 0.08 in. by at least 6 in. (76 6 2 mm by at least150 mm).7.3.2 Attached Cushion ConstructionCut the specimens 26 0.08 in. by at least 6 in. (50 6 2 mm by at least 152 mm).7.3.3 Specimen Sampling and Labelling Take specimens,representing a broad distribution along the length and acr
27、ossthe width of each laboratory sampling unit. Take one specimennear each edge of the laboratory sampling unit but no nearerthe extreme edge than 5 % of its width, and take one specimenfrom the center area. Ensure that specimens are free of folds,creases or wrinkles.Avoid getting oil, water, grease,
28、 etc., on thespecimens when handling. Label to maintain specimen identity.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition and determine that moisture equilibrium fortesting has been attained as directed in Practice D1776.9. Preparation of Specimens9.1 At one end of the specimen, manually separate thesecondary backing
29、from the pile yarn floor covering forapproximately 1.5 in. (38 mm).9.2 Cover the attached cushion side of each test specimenwith self-adhering cloth reinforced tape. At one end of the testspecimen, manually separate the attached cushion from the testspecimen for approximately 1.5 in. (38 mm).10. Pre
30、paration and Verification of Apparatus Systems10.1 Preparation of Tensile Testing Machine:10.1.1 Prepare the machine according to the manufacturersinstructions and using the conditions given in 10.1.2 10.2.2.10.1.2 Set the distances between the clamps at 1.0 6 0.05in. (25.4 6 1 mm). Select the full-
31、scale force range of thetesting machine such that the maximum force occurs between15 and 85 % of full-scale force. Verify the testing machine forthis range.10.1.3 Select the testing machine speed of 12 6 0.5 in./min(304 6 10 mm/min).10.1.4 When using a microprocessor automatic data gather-ing system
32、, set the appropriate parameters as defined in themanufacturers instructions.10.2 Verification of the Total Operating System of theApparatus:10.2.1 Verify the total operating system, for example,loading, clamping, and recording or data collection, wheneverthere are changes in the loading system, esp
33、ecially an increase,or clamping mechanism by testing a control material.10.2.2 Compare the data with the previous data, if theaverage is outside the tolerances established, and recheck thetotal system to locate the cause of the deviation (see GuideD4697).11. Procedure11.1 Mount the loose end of the
34、secondary backing orattached cushion, as applicable, in the stationary clamp jawsand the other loose end of the specimen in the movable clamp.Apply uniform tension across the clamp width of the specimen(see Fig. 1).11.2 Start the machine and autographic recording device. Ifthe attached cushion break
35、s, record that the resistance todelamination exceeds the breaking force of the cushion.11.3 A trace from the recording device consisting of a seriesof peaks, each representing the force at which the layers haveseparated, and troughs corresponding to the fall back of theforce will be generated.After
36、the initial peak is recorded and anadditional 3 in. (76 mm) of the specimen has been delaminated,D3936 172(this represents approximately 6.0 in. (152 mm) of jawseparation), stop the machine, and return the crosshead to thestart position.11.4 Remove the delaminated specimen from the clamps,and test t
37、he remaining specimens.12. Calculation12.1 From the recording device, determine the value of thehighest peak in each 0.5-in. (13 mm) interval of delamination,ignoring the initial peak force (which represents approximately1.0 in. (25 mm) of jaw separation). Average these five peakforces for each spec
38、imen to the nearest 0.1 lbf (0.5 N) (see Fig.2).12.2 Calculate the resistance to delamination for each speci-men to the nearest 0.1 lbf (0.5 N)/unit width, using thefollowing equation:D 5 F/W (1)where:D = resistance to delamination, lbf/in. (N/mm),F = average peak force for the specimen, lbf (N), an
39、dW = specimen width, 3 in. (76 mm).12.3 Calculate the average resistance to delamination foreach laboratory sampling unit and for the lot, or both.12.4 Calculate the standard deviation or coefficient ofvariation, or both, if requested.13. Report13.1 State that the resistance to delamination was dete
40、r-mined as directed in Test Method D3936. Describe the materialor product sampled and the method of sampling used.13.2 Report the following information:13.2.1 The resistance to delamination for each specimenand laboratory sampling unit and for the lot.13.2.2 On attached cushion specimens, if the cus
41、hionbreaks, report the peak force and note that the resistance todelamination exceeds the breaking force of the cushion.13.2.3 If calculated, the standard deviation, or coefficient ofvariation, or both.13.2.4 Record the type of testing machine.14. Precision and Bias14.1 The precision of this test me
42、thod is based on aninterlaboratory study of D3936, Test Method for Resistance toDelamination of the Secondary Backing of Pile Yarn FloorCovering, conducted in 2011. Five laboratories participatedin this study. All of the laboratories reported three replicate testresults for five different carpet con
43、structions. Every “testresult” reported represents the average of three readings.Except for the use of only five laboratories, Practice E691 wasfollowed for the design and analysis of the data; the details aregiven in and ASTM Research Report.414.1.1 Repeatability limit (r)Two test results obtainedw
44、ithin one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if theydiffer by more than the “r” value for that material; “r”istheinterval representing the critical difference between two testresults for the same material, obtained by the same operatorusing the same equipment on the same day in the samelabora
45、tory.14.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Table 1.14.1.2 Reproducibility limit (R)Two test results shall bejudged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” valuefor that material; “R” is the interval representing the criticaldifference between two test results for the same material,o
46、btained by different operators using different equipment indifferent laboratories.14.1.2.1 Reproducibility limits are listed in Table 1.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D13-1135.FIG. 1 Specimen Mounted in ClampsFI
47、G. 2 Typical Autographic Trace Showing Highest Peaks in 6Length IntervalsD3936 17314.1.3 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproduc-ibility limit) are used as specified in Practice E177.14.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with statements 14.1.1and 14.1.2 would normally have an approximate 95 %
48、prob-ability of being correct, however the precision statistics ob-tained in this ILS must not be treated as exact mathematicalquantities which are applicable to all circumstances and uses.The limited number of materials tested and laboratories report-ing results guarantees that there will be times
49、when differencesgreater than predicted by the ILS results will arise, sometimeswith considerably greater or smaller frequency than the 95 %probability limit would imply. The repeatability limit and thereproducibility limit should be considered as general guides,and the associated probability of 95 % as only a roughindicator of what can be expected.14.2 BiasAt the time of the study, there was no acceptedreference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is being made.14.3 The precision statement was determin
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