1、Designation: D 3960 05Standard Practice forDetermining Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content ofPaints and Related Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3960; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This practice measures
3、 the volatile organic compound(VOC) content of solventborne and waterborne paints andrelated coatings as determined from the quantity of materialreleased from a sample under specified bake conditions andsubtracting exempt volatile compounds and water if present.NOTE 1The regulatory definition, under
4、 the control of the U.S. EPA,can change. To ensure currency, contact the local air pollution controlagency.1.2 This practice provides a guide to the selection ofappropriate ASTM test methods for the determination of VOCcontent.1.3 Certain organic compounds that may be released underthe specified bak
5、e conditions are not counted toward coatingVOC content because they do not participate appreciably inatmospheric photochemical reactions. Such negligibly photo-chemically reactive compounds are referred to, as exemptvolatile compounds in this practice.NOTE 2Information on the US EPAdefinition of VOC
6、 and a list of thecurrent US EPA approved exempt volatile compounds which have beenused in coatings, are provided in Appendix X3.1.4 VOC content is calculated as a function of (1) thevolume of coating less water and exempt volatile compounds,and (2) the volume of coating solids, and (3) the weight o
7、fcoating solids.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-
8、conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
9、 prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,and Related ProductsD 2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of CoatingsD 2697 Test Method for Volume Nonvolatile Matter inClear or Pigmented CoatingsD 2832 Guide for Determining Volatile
10、and NonvolatileContent of Paint and Related CoatingsD 3792 Test Method for Water Content of Coatings byDirect Injection into a Gas ChromatographD 3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and RelatedPigmented CoatingsD 4017 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materialsby Karl Fischer MethodD 44
11、57 Test Method for Determination of Dichloromethaneand 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in Paints and Coatings by DirectInjection into a Gas ChromatographD 5095 Test Method for Determination of the NonvolatileContent in Silanes, Siloxanes and Silane-Siloxane BlendsUsed in Masonry Water Repellent TreatmentsD 52
12、01 Practice for Calculating Formulation Physical Con-stants of Paints and CoatingsD 5403 Test Methods for Volatile Content of RadiationCurable MaterialsD 6093 Test Method for PercentVolume Nonvolatile Matterin Clear or Pigmented Coatings Using a Helium GasPycnometerD 6133 Test Method for Acetone p-C
13、hlorobenzotrifluoride,Methyl Acetate or t-Butyl Acetate Content of Solvent-Reducible and Water-Reducible Paints, Coatings, Resins,and Raw Materials by Direct Injection into a Gas Chro-matograph1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint andRelated Coatings, Materials, and
14、 Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 3960 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
15、the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
16、, United States.D 6419 Test Method for Volatile Content of Non-HeatsetWeb Offset Printing InksD 6438 Test Method for Acetone, Methyl Acetate, andParachlorobenzotrifluoride Content of Paints and Coatingsby Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas ChromatographyD 6886 Test Method for Speciation of the Volatile
17、 OrganicCompounds (VOCs) in Low VOC Content WaterborneAir-Dry Coatings by Gas ChromatographyE 180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-cialty Chemicals2.2 Other Documents:EPA Federal Reference Method 24Determination ofVolatile Matter Co
18、ntent, Density, Volume Solids, andWeight Solids of Surface Coatings3EPA 450/3-84-019, U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyProcedures for Certifying Quantity of Organic CompoundEmitted by Paint, Ink, and Other Coatings33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 exempt volatile compound, norganic compoundsth
19、at do not participate significantly in atmospheric photochemi-cal reactions.3.1.2 nonvolatile material, nthe solid material remainingafter volatiles have been removed from a coating underspecified test conditions.3.1.3 volatile organic compound (VOC), nany organiccompound that participates in atmosp
20、heric photochemicalreactions.3.1.3.1 DiscussionInformation on the US EPA definitionof VOC and a list of the current US EPA and approved exemptvolatile compounds which have been used in coatings, areprovided in Appendix X3.3.1.4 volatile organic compound content (VOC content),nthe mass of VOC release
21、d from a coating under specifiedtest conditions.3.1.4.1 DiscussionVOC content is expressed in this prac-tice as a function of: (1) the coating volume less water andexempt volatile compounds, and (2) the volume of coatingsolids and (3) the weight of coating solids.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Take a rep
22、resentative sample of the liquid coating inaccordance with Practice D 3925. Mix thoroughly beforetaking specimens for individual tests. If air bubbles becomeentrapped, stir by hand until the air has been removed.4.2 The volatile content, density, water content, volumesolids and exempt solvent conten
23、t of the coating are deter-mined in accordance with designated methods and instructions.For multicomponent coatings, the components are first mixedin the appropriate ratios and the applicable values determinedon the mixture. These values are combined using specifiedequations to calculate the VOC con
24、tent of the coating.NOTE 3In Reference Method 24 the U.S. EPA defines a waterbornecoating as any coating with more than 5 % water by weight in its volatilefraction, and requires/allows water determination for waterborne coatingsonly.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice discusses applicable ASTM
25、test methodsused in the determination of the VOC content of paints andrelated coatings and provides equations for calculating theVOC content expressed as the mass of VOC: (1) per unitvolume of coating less water and exempt volatile compounds,and (2) per unit volume of coating solids and (3) per unit
26、 massof coating solids.5.2 Volatile organic compound content is used to comparethe amount of VOC released from different coatings used forthe same application, that is, to coat the same area to the samedry film thickness (assuming the same application efficiency).5.3 VOC content data are required by
27、 various regulatoryagencies.5.4 Only the expression of VOC content as a function of thevolume of coating solids gives a linear measure of thedifference in VOC released from different coatings used for thesame application.NOTE 4Thus assuming the same transfer efficiency, a coating withVOC content of
28、3 lb of VOC/gal of solids would release12 the VOC thatwould a coating with 6 lb of VOC/gal of solids.5.5 When VOC content is expressed as a function of thevolume of coating less water and exempt solvents, the valuesobtained do not account for differences in the volume solidscontent of the coatings b
29、eing compared: this expression,therefore, does not provide a linear measure of the difference inVOC emitted from different coatings used for the sameapplication.NOTE 5Thus, a coating with VOC content of 3 lb of VOC/gal lesswater and exempt volatile compounds would release about 85 % less VOCthan a c
30、oating with 6 lb of VOC/gal less water and exempt volatilecompounds.6. Nonvolatile and Volatile Content6.1 Guide D 2832 includes suggested time/temperature dry-ing schedules for the determination of the nonvolatile andvolatile content of various types of coatings.NOTE 6For regulatory compliance test
31、ing, follow the method andconditions specified in the applicable regulation. Federal ReferenceMethod 24 specifies the use of Test Method D 2369.6.2 Test Method D 2369 includes a specific drying scheduleand sample weight, and heating1hat1106 5C for thedetermination of the weight percent volatile cont
32、ent of solvent-borne and waterborne coatings.6.2.1 For multicomponent coatings, Test Method D 2369specifies the components should be mixed first, then thevolatile content should be determined on the mixture. Testspecimens are held in the aluminum dish for at least 1 h beforebaking.NOTE 7Other induct
33、ion periods are used. See U.S. EPA ReferenceMethod 24.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.D39600526.2.2 The nonvolatile content of silanes, siloxanes, andsilane/siloxane blends used in masonry water
34、repellent treat-ments is defined using Test Method D 5095. In this standard,applicable to both solvent and water reducible materials, thetest specimen, containing an added catalyst, is allowed to standat room temperature for 1 h prior to heating in an oven at 1106 5C for 60 min.NOTE 8In VOC determin
35、ations, for 6.2.2 only, the density and watercontent (if applicable) are measured on the test material without the addedcatalyst.6.2.3 The nonvolatile content of radiation curable coatings,inks, and adhesives is defined using Test Methods D 5403.These materials contain volatile reactive components t
36、hatbecome nonvolatile after radiation curing. Test Method A isapplicable to radiation curable materials that are essentially100 % reactive but may contain traces (no more than 3 %) ofvolatile materials as impurities or introduced by the inclusionof various additives. Test Method B is applicable to a
37、llradiation curable materials but must be used for materials thatcontain volatile solvents intentionally introduced to controlapplication viscosity and that are intended to be removed fromthe material to cure.6.2.4 The volatile content of sheet-fed and coldset weboffset printing inks is defined usin
38、g Test Method D 6419. Thisstandard is based on Test Method D 2369, but has tightercontrols for specimen weight and oven temperature. Interlabo-ratory studies have shown this necessary to improve theprecision of test results for these inks. It also allows the use ofink knives or taper knives for tran
39、sferring the specimen to thealuminum dish from the sample container.6.2.5 Test Method D 6886 is a direct gas chromatographicmethod for the determination of individual and total volatileorganic compounds in low VOC content waterborne latexair-dry coatings. This method is intended primarily for analys
40、isof waterborne coatings in which the material VOC content isbelow 5 weight percent. It is the only method for the speciationof VOCs in low VOC content waterborne latex air-dry coat-ings. This method provides a direct determination of weightpercent VOC content, in contrast to the indirect determinat
41、ion(total volatiles minus water) of weight percent VOC ofwaterborne coatings presented in Practice D 3960.7. Water Content7.1 To determine the water content of coatings two testmethods are available:7.1.1 In Test Method D 3792, a paint specimen is dilutedwith dimethyl formamide, an internal standard
42、 (2-propanol) isadded, and an aliquot of the mixture is injected directly into agas chromatograph.7.1.2 Test Method D 4017 offers three options for determin-ing water content by Karl Fischer titration.7.1.2.1 A specimen is dissolved in pyridine or anothersuitable solvent and titrated in the presence
43、 of a buffer, 1-ethylpiperidine. The use of newer non-pyridine titration reagents isalso allowed.7.1.2.2 The water in a latex paint is first extracted intoanhydrous methanol, then an aliquot of the methanol extract istitrated with non-pyridine reagent in methanol solvent (seeAppendix X1 of Test Meth
44、od D 4017).7.1.2.3 The specimen is dispersed in methanol solvent usinga homogenizer accessory, then directly titrated with non-pyridine reagent (see Appendix X2 of Test Method D 4017).7.1.3 With multicomponent coatings, the components arefirst mixed in the appropriate ratios, then water content isde
45、termined using Test Methods D 3792 or D 4017.8. Density8.1 The density of the paint or coating at 25C is determinedin accordance with Test Method D 1475. Although both thepycnometer and weight-per-gallon cup are covered by the testmethod, and the former is more accurate and precise, theweight-per-ga
46、llon cup is recommended because of its speedand ease of use.8.2 With multicomponent coatings, first mix the compo-nents in appropriate ratios in sufficient quantity to determinethe weight-per-gallon using Test Method D 1475.9. Exempt Volatile Compounds9.1 In Test Method D 4457 an internal standard (
47、1-propanol) is added to the test specimen, and then the specimenis injected directly into a gas chromatograph.9.2 In Test Method D 6133 an internal standard is added tothe whole paint, and the mixture injected directly into the gaschromatograph.9.3 In Test Method D 6438 an internal standard is added
48、 towhole paint, followed by solid phase microextraction (SPME)headspace sampling and subsequent injection into a gas chro-matograph.9.4 With multicomponent coatings, the exempt volatilecompound content is determined on the mixture of the com-ponents.10. Calculation of VOC Content10.1 In this practic
49、e VOC content is expressed in threeways: (1) as the mass of VOC per unit volume of the coatingless water and exempt volatile compounds, (2) as the mass ofVOC per unit volume of coating solids, and (3) the mass ofVOC per unit mass of coatings solids. The following equationsshould be used to calculate VOC content and may be used forcoatings both “as supplied” and “as applied” (see Note 8).NOTE 9For compliance with VOC regulations, the VOC contentshould be calculated after any thinning or dilution (“as applied”).Instructions for VOC calculations of such diluted coati
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