1、Designation: D3977 97 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Methods forDetermining Sediment Concentration in Water Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3977; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of sedimentconcentrations in water and wastewater samples collected fro
3、mlakes, reservoirs, ponds, streams, and other water bodies. Inlakes and other quiescent-water bodies, concentrations ofsediment in samples are nearly equal to concentrations atsampling points; in most instances, sample concentrations arenot strongly influenced by collection techniques. In rivers and
4、other flowing-water bodies, concentrations of sediment insamples depend upon the manner in which the samples arecollected. Concentrations in isokinetically-collected samplescan be multiplied by water discharges to obtain sedimentdischarges in the vicinity of the sampling points.1.2 The procedures gi
5、ven in these test methods are used bytheAgricultural Research Service, Geological Survey, NationalResources Conservation Service, Bureau of Reclamation, andother agencies responsible for studying water bodies. Thesetest methods are adapted from a laboratory-procedure manual2and a quality-assurance p
6、lan.31.3 These test methods include:SectionsTest Method AEvaporation 8 to 13Test Method BFiltration 14 to 19Test Method CWet-sieving-filtration 20 to 251.4 Test MethodAcan be used only on sediments that settlewithin the allotted storage time of the samples which usuallyranges from a few days to a fe
7、w weeks. A correction factormust be applied if dissolved-solids concentration exceedsabout 10 % of the sediment concentration.1.5 Test Method B can be used only on samples containingsand concentrations less than about 10 000 ppm and clayconcentrations less than about 200 ppm. The sediment need notbe
8、 settleable because filters are used to separate water from thesediment. Correction factors for dissolved solids are notrequired.1.6 Test Method C can be used if two concentration valuesare required: one for sand-size particles and one for thecombination of silt and clay-size particles. The silt-cla
9、y frac-tion need not be settleable.1.7 These test methods must not be confused with turbiditymeasurements discussed in Test Method D1889. Turbidity isthe optical property of a sample that causes light rays to bescattered and absorbed; it is not an accurate measure of themass or concentration of sedi
10、ment in the sample.1.8 These test methods contain some procedures similar tothose in Test Methods D1888 which pertains to measuringparticulate and dissolved matter in water.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
11、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1888 Methods OfTest for Pa
12、rticulate and Dissolved Matterin Water (Withdrawn 1989)5D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn2007)5D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD4410 Terminology for Fluvial SedimentD4411 Guide for Sampling Fluvial Sediment i
13、n MotionE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 onWater and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments,Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013. Publi
14、shed January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3977 97 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/D3977-97R13.2Guy, H. P., “Laboratory Theory and Methods for Sediment Analysis,” Tech-niques of Water Resources Investigations , U.S. Geological Survey, Book 5, ChapterC1, 1941.3Matth
15、es,W. J., Jr., Sholar, C., J., and George, J. R.,“ Quality-Assurance Plan forthe Analysis of Fluvial Sediment,” U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 90,1990.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
16、 ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.5The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.
17、Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of water-related terms usedin these test methods refer to Terminologies D1129 and D4410.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 dissolved solidssoluble constituents in water. Thequantity is determined by evaporating a water sample to visible
18、dryness at a temperature slightly below boiling. The tempera-ture is then raised to 105C and held for about 2 h. This isfollowed by cooling in a desiccator and weighing the residue.3.2.2 fluvial sedimentparticles that are (a) derived fromrocks or biological materials and (b) transported by flowingwa
19、ter.3.2.3 sediment concentration(a) the ratio of the mass ofdry sediment in a water-sediment mixture to the mass of themixture or (b) the ratio of the mass of dry sediment in awater-sediment mixture to the volume of the mixture. Asindicated by Table 1, the two ratios differ except at concentra-tions
20、 less than 8000 mg/L.3.2.4 supernateclear, overlying liquid in a sedimentsample.3.2.5 suspended sedimentsediment supported by turbulentcurrents in flowing water or by Brownian movement.3.2.6 tareweights of empty containers used in analysisprocedure.4. Significance and Use4.1 Suspended-sediment sampl
21、es contain particles with awide variety of physical characteristics. By presenting alternateapproaches, these test methods allow latitude in selectinganalysis methods that work best with the particular samplesunder study.4.2 Sediment-concentration data are used for many pur-poses that include: (1) c
22、omputing suspended-sediment dis-charges of streams or sediment yields of watersheds, (2)scheduling treatments of industrial and domestic watersupplies, and (3) estimating discharges of pesticides, plantnutrients, and heavy metals transported on surfaces or insidesediment particles.5. Reagents and Ma
23、terials5.1 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as definedby Type III of Specification D1193.5.1.1 Requirements can usually be met by passing tap waterthrough a mixed cation-anion exchange resin or by distillation.6. Sampling6.1 Flow
24、s and concentrations in river cross sections areusually unsteady; consequently, in a strict sense, samplesrepresent conditions only at the time and location of samplecollection.6.2 A sample may consist of a single container of awater-sediment mixtures collected at (1) a specific point in ariver cros
25、s section, (2) a specific vertical in a cross section (adepth-integrated sample), or (3) several verticals in a cross-section. If the verticals are equally spaced and the sample iscollected at equal transit rates, it is referred to as an EWIsample. The acronym EWI (equal-width-increment) is synony-m
26、ous with ETR (equal-transit-rate) which appears in manyolder reports. A sample may also consist of several containersfilled at different points or verticals in a cross-section. If thecontainers are filled at centroids of equal discharge in a crosssection, they are referred to as EDI samples. Details
27、 onsampling are given in Guide D4411.7. Sample Handling7.1 When samples arrive at the laboratory, group themaccording to gaging stations and then arrange each group inchronological order according to times of sample collection.Separate the samples to be analyzed for concentration fromthose to be ana
28、lyzed for particle-size distribution or otherproperties. A data sheet should then be completed for eachconcentration sample. Examples of three commonly usedforms are shown on Fig. 1. Expanded notes can be written onthe front of the forms in spaces reserved for other bottles or, ifeven more space is
29、needed, remarks can be written on the backof the forms along with reference numbers keyed to theappropriate bottles.7.2 Check each sample for: (1) loss of water caused byleakage or evaporation, (2) loss of sediment which is some-times revealed by the presence of particles on the outside of thesample
30、 bottle, (3) accuracy of sample-identification notes, and(4) a container tare which is usually etched on the bottle. Enterall appropriate notes, observations, and data on the laboratoryform. Be particularly careful to enter the etched tare reading onthe form under the heading Weight of SampleTare.7.
31、3 Remove the bottle caps then weigh each container alongwith its water-sediment mixture to the nearest 0.5 g. Recordeach reading on the corresponding bottle and on the laboratoryform under the heading Weight of SampleGross.TABLE 1 Factors for Conversion of Sediment Concentration inParts per Million
32、(ppm) to Grams per Cubic Metre (g/m3)AorMilligrams per Litre (mg/L)Range ofConcentration,1000 ppmMultiplyByRange ofConcentration,1000 ppmMultiplyByRange ofConcentration,1000 ppmMultiplyBy07.95 1.00 153165 1.11 362380 1.308.023.7 1.01 166178 1.12 381398 1.3223.839.1 1.02 179191 1.13 399416 1.3439.254
33、.3 1.03 192209 1.14 417434 1.3654.469.2 1.04 210233 1.16 435451 1.3869.383.7 1.05 234256 1.18 452467 1.4083.897.9 1.06 257278 1.20 468483 1.4298.0111 1.07 279300 1.22 484498 1.44112125 1.08 301321 1.24 499513 1.46126139 1.09 322341 1.26 514528 1.48140152 1.10 342361 1.28 529542 1.50ABased on water d
34、ensity of 1.000 g/mL and specific gravity of sediment of 2.65.The following equation also applies:C15 C/ s1.02where:C1= sediment concentration, mg/L, andC = sediment concentration, ppm.D3977 97 (2013)27.4 Replace the caps then store the samples in a cool, darkplace to minimize microbiological and al
35、gal growth. Inspectthe bottles frequently; if the sediment does not settle withinabout 14 days, use Test Method B (filtration procedure) for theanalysis. If settling proceeds at an acceptably rapid rate, useTest Methods A, B, or C.TEST METHOD AEVAPORATION8. Scope8.1 This test method can be used only
36、 with sediments thatsettle under the influence of gravity. This test method isapplicable to samples ranging from 0.2 to 20 Lin volume, from5 to 550 000 mg/L in sediment concentration, and having lessthan 35 000 mg/L in dissolved-solid concentration.9. Summary of Test Method9.1 After the sediment has
37、 settled, most of the supernatantwater is poured or siphoned away. The volume of water-sediment mixture remaining is measured so that a dissolved-solids correction can be applied later. The sediment is thendried and weighed. Sediment concentration is calculated inaccordance with Section 12.10. Appar
38、atus10.1 Evaporating Dishes or BeakersPreweighed contain-ers of porcelain or glass with capacities of about 150 mL areneeded for holding the sediment and water during drying.10.2 Vacuum System, trapped to prevent sample carry-overto the vacuum source during removal of supernate.10.3 Drying Oven, equ
39、ipped with a 90 to 120C thermostatis needed to control temperatures while evaporating water fromthe sediment.Agravity-convection type oven is preferred but amechanically ventilated (forced draft) style can be used ifair-flow rates are low.10.4 Desiccator, for preventing air-borne moisture fromcollec
40、ting in the sediment specimens while they are cooling.10.5 Laboratory Balance, top-loading type with a resolutionof 0.0001 g and a capacity of 150 g is needed for weighing thedry sediments.10.6 Laboratory Balance, top-loading type with a resolutionof 0.1 g and a capacity of about 4000 g is needed fo
41、r weighingsample bottles containing water and sediment.11. Procedure11.1 After the sediment has settled, decant or vacuum awayas much supernate as possible without disturbing the sediment.This can be accomplished by connecting a J-shaped plastic,copper, or glass tube to the vacuum line and lowering
42、the tubeuntil the curved section is near the bottom of the sample bottle.Supernate enters the upward-facing end of the tube and therebyflows away without creating currents and eddies in the sedi-ment layer. Save the supernate for a dissolved-solids correctionfactor to be determined later.FIG. 1 Alte
43、rnate Forms for Recording Field and Laboratory Data for Sediment SamplesD3977 97 (2013)311.2 After decanting, about 40 to 70 mL of water-sedimentmixture should be left. To determine the exact volume, placethe sample bottle on a level support then mark the liquidsurface an the outside of the bottle.
44、Use water to wash all of thesediment and supernate into an evaporating dish, then refill thesample bottle to the mark with water from a small graduate.Record the volume added to the sample bottle on the sample-data form.11.3 Place the evaporating dish in the oven with thetemperature set slightly bel
45、ow boiling. Maintain this tempera-ture until all visible traces of water have evaporated. Then raiseand hold the temperature at 105C for about 2 h.11.4 Transfer the dish from the oven to the desiccator; allowthe sediment to cool to room temperature.11.5 Weigh the dish to the nearest 0.0001 g as quic
46、kly anpossible to minimize absorption of moisture from the air.Record the weight of the dish and its contents and also the tareweight of the dish on the laboratory form. Subtract the tarefrom the gross, then record the net weight on the form.11.6 For nearly all sediment samples, a single drying cycl
47、eis sufficient to obtain stable weight; however, a few samples,principally those containing high concentrations of organicmaterials, may have to be dried a second time. If weight shiftsoccur, the specimens should be dried and weighed a third timeto verify that the weights are stable.11.7 Determine t
48、he dissolved-solids correction factor byusing a volumetric pipet to transfer an aliquot (measuredvolume) of supernate into an evaporating dish. Record thealiquot volume in millilitres on the laboratory form.11.8 Set the oven temperature slightly below the boilingpoint of water and evaporate the supe
49、rnate to visible dryness.Then raise and maintain the oven temperature at 105C for atleast 2 h. After this, cool the dish in a desiccator. Then weighthe dish and its contents to the nearest 0.0001 g. Record thisgross weight and also the tare weight of the dish on the form.Subtract the tare from the gross and record the net weight ofdissolved solids in grams.12. Calculation12.1 Determine the dissolved-solids correction according toEq 1:DSc 5 DS/Va! 3 Vs (1)where:DSc = dissolved-solids correction, g,DS = net weight of dissolved sol
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