1、Designation: D3987 06 D3987 12Standard Test Method Practice forShake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for leaching of solid waste to obtain an aqueous solution to be used to determine themat
3、erials leached under the specified testing conditions.1.2 This test method provides for the shaking of a known weight of waste with water of specified composition and the separationof the aqueous phase for analysis.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, ass
4、ociated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C471M Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Gypsum and Gyps
5、um Products (Metric)D75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Design and Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)3D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Co
6、ntent of Soil and Rock by MassD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample of CoalD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcess3. Definitions3.1 For
7、 definitions of terms used in this test method, see Terminology D1129.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended as a rapid means for obtaining an extract of solid waste. The extract may be used to estimatethe release of certain constituents of the solid waste under the laboratory condi
8、tions described in this procedure.4.2 This test method is not intended to provide an extract that is representative of the actual leachate produced from a solid wastein the field or to produce extracts to be used as the sole basis of engineering design.4.3 This test method is not intended to simulat
9、e site-specific leaching conditions. It has not been demonstrated to simulate actualdisposal site leaching conditions.4.4 The intent of this test method is that the final pH of the extract reflect the interaction of the extractant with the bufferingcapacity of the solid waste.1 This test method prac
10、tice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.04 on WasteLeaching Techniques.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006Nov. 1, 2012. Published October 2006November 2012. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition a
11、pproved in 20042006as D3987 85 (2004).D3987 06. DOI: 10.1520/D3987-06.10.1520/D3987-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
12、ary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may no
13、t be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
14、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.5 The intent of this test method is that the water extraction simulate conditions where the solid waste is the dominant factorin determining the pH of the extract.4.6 The test method produces an extract that is amenable to the dete
15、rmination of both major and minor constituents. Whenminor constituents are being determined, it is especially important that precautions are taken in sample storage and handling toavoid possible contamination of the samples.4.7 This test method has been tested to determine its applicability to certa
16、in inorganic components in the solid waste. The testmethod has not been tested for applicability to organic substances and volatile matter (see 5.3).4.8 The agitation technique, rate, and liquid-to-solid ratio specified in the procedure may not be suitable for extracting all typesof solid wastes. (S
17、ee Sections 7, 8, and the discussion in Appendix X1.)5. Apparatus5.1 Agitation Equipment, of any type that rotates about a central axis at a rate of 29 r/min, Fig. 1. (See discussion of agitationin Appendix X1.)5.2 Membrane Filter AssemblyA borosilicate glass or stainless steel funnel with a flat, f
18、ritted base of the same material andmembrane filters.5.3 Containers, round, wide-mouth, of a composition suitable to the nature of the solid waste and the analyses to be performed,and constructed of materials that will not allow sorption of constituents of interest. One-gallon (or 4-L) containers sh
19、ould be usedFIG. 1 Example ExtractorD3987 122with 140-g samples and 12-gallon (or 2-L) containers with 70-g samples. Multiples of these sizes may be used for larger samples.The containers should be of the same approximate geometry as the 2-L and 4-L bottles. These sizes were selected to establishsui
20、table geometry and provide that the sample plus liquid would occupy approximately 80 to 90 % of the container. Containersmust have a watertight closure. Containers for samples where gases may be released should be provided with a venting mechanism.(Note that the venting of the container has the pote
21、ntial to affect the concentration of volatile extracts in the extract.) Containersshould be cleaned in a manner consistent with the analyses to be performed.6. Reagents6.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that allreagent
22、s shall conform to the specifications of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are available,4 Othergrades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lesseningthe accuracy of the determination.6.2 Purity
23、of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagent water at 18to 27C (Specification D1193). The method by which the Type IV water is prepared, that is, distillation, ion exchange, reverseosmosis, electrodialysis, should remain constant throughout test
24、ing.7. Sampling7.1 Obtain a representative sample of the solid waste to be tested using ASTM sample methods developed for the specificindustry where available. (See Practices D75 and D420 and Test Methods D2234/D2234M.)7.2 Where no specific methods are available, sampling methodology for materials o
25、f similar physical form shall be used.7.3 A minimum sample of 5000 g shall be sent to the laboratory (see Practice E122).7.4 It is important that the sample of the solid waste be representative with respect to surface area, as variations in surface areawould directly affect the leaching characterist
26、ics of the sample. Solid waste samples should contain a representative distributionof particles sizes.7.5 Keep samples in closed containers appropriate to the sample type prior to the extraction in order to prevent samplecontamination or constituent loss. Where it is desired to extract biologically
27、or chemically active samples in their existing state,store the samples at 4C (Practices D3370) and start the extraction within 8 h. Where it is desired to extract such samples in a staterepresentative of the results of biological or chemical activities, the samples may be specifically handled to sim
28、ulate such activities.Record the storage conditions and handling procedures in the report.8. Sample Preparation8.1 For free-flowing particulate solid wastes, obtain a sample of the approximate size required in the test by quartering thesample (Section 7) received for testing on an impermeable sheet
29、of glazed paper, oil cloth, or other flexible material as follows:8.1.1 Empty the sample container into the center of the sheet.8.1.2 Flatten out the sample gently with a suitable straightedge until it is spread uniformly to a depth at least twice the maximumparticle diameter particle size.8.1.3 Rem
30、ix the sample by lifting a corner of the sheet and drawing it across, low down, to the opposite corner in a mannerthat the material is made to roll over and over and does not merely slide along. Continue operation with each corner, proceedingin a clockwise direction. Repeat this operation ten times.
31、8.1.4 Lift all four corners of the sheet towards the center and holding all four corners together, raise the entire sheet into theair to form a pocket for the sample.8.1.5 Repeat 8.1.2.8.1.6 With a straightedge at least as long as the flattened mound of sample (such as a thin-edged yard stick), gent
32、ly divide thesample into quarters. An effort should be made to avoid using pressure on the straightedge sufficient to cause damage to theparticles.8.1.7 Discard alternate quarters.8.1.8 If further reduction of sample size is necessary, repeat 8.1.3 through 8.1.7. A minimum sample size of 70 g isreco
33、mmended for each extraction. Additional samples should be provided for determination of solids content. If smaller samplesare used in the test, report this fact.8.2 For field-cored solid wastes or castings produced in the laboratory, cut a representative section weighing approximately 70or 140 g for
34、 testing, plus samples for determination of solids content. Shape the sample so that the leaching solution will coverthe material to be leached.8.3 For fluid solid wastes, mix thoroughly in a manner that does not incorporate air to assure uniformity before withdrawinga 70 or 140 g sample for test. T
35、ake samples for determination of solids content at the same time as the test samples.D3987 1239. Procedure9.1 Record the physical description of the sample to be tested including particle size so far as it is known.9.2 Solids ContentDetermine the solids content of separate portions of the sample as
36、follows:9.2.1 Dry to constant weight two dishes or pans of size suitable to the solid waste being tested at 104 6 2C. Cool in a desiccatorand weigh. Record the value to 6 0.1 g.9.2.2 Put an appropriately sized portion of sample of the solid waste to be tested into each pan. Scale the weight used to
37、thephysical form of the solid waste tested. Use a minimum of 50 g but use larger samples where particles larger than 10-mm in averagediameter are being tested. Weigh. Record the weight to 6 0.1 g.9.2.3 Dry 16 to 20 h at 104 6 2C. Certain solid wastes, such as scrubber sludges, may contain compounds
38、that are subject tocalcination at the specified drying temperature. Dry these compounds at lower temperatures. For example, gypsum may besuccessfully dried at 45C (Test Methods C471M) and CaSO31/2H2O wastes at 85C. Record the actual temperature and time ofthe drying period.9.2.4 Cool to room tempera
39、ture in a desiccator and reweigh. Record the weight to 6 0.1 g.9.3 Shake ProcedureWeigh or tare the container to be used in the shake test to the nearest or within 1 g.9.4 Add to the container approximately 70 g of solid waste (Section 8) and determine and record the weight of sample used to12 g. If
40、 weights other than 70 g are used, note in the report.9.5 Add to the container a volume of test water (6.2) equal in millilitres to 20 times the weight in grams of the sample usedin 9.4. See discussion of dilution ratio in Appendix (Example: 70 g sample = 1400 mL water).9.6 Agitate continuously for
41、18 6 0.25 h at 18 to 27C.9.7 Open the container. Observe and record any physical changes in the sample and leaching solution.9.8 Let the sample settle for 5 min; then separate the bulk of the aqueous phase from the solid phase by decantation,centrifugation, or filtration through a coarse filter pape
42、r as appropriate. Then vacuum or pressure filter the liquid through a 0.45-mfilter. If the separation method results in prolonged filtering time, an 8-m filter or other device may be used. Record any deviationsin the report.9.9 The filtrate obtained in 9.8 is the extract mentioned elsewhere in this
43、test method. Measure the pH of the extractimmediately, then preserve the extract in a manner consistent with the chemical analysis or biological testing procedures to beperformed (Practices D3370). If sufficient liquid phase is not available for the analyses, so indicate in the report and do not con
44、tinuethe procedure; or alternatively, perform the extraction procedure on additional samples of the solid waste to obtain sufficient liquidphase. Where phase separation occurs during the storage of the extract, appropriate mixing should be used to ensure thehomogeneity of the extract prior to its us
45、e in such analysis or testing.9.10 Analyze the extract for specific constituents or properties or use the extract for biological testing procedures as desiredusing appropriate ASTM standard methods. Where no appropriate ASTM methods exist, other methods may be used and recordedin the report.10. Calc
46、ulation10.1 Calculate the solids content of the individual samples from the data obtained in 9.2 as follows:S 5A/B (1)where:A = weight in grams of sample after drying,B = original weight in grams of sample, andS = solid content, g/g.Average the two values obtained. Record as the solids content.11. R
47、eport11.1 The report shall include the following:11.1.1 Source of the solid waste, date of sampling, and sample preservation used,11.1.2 Description of the solid waste including physical characteristics and particle size, if known (9.1),11.1.3 Solids content (9.2) (see Test Method D2216),11.1.4 Samp
48、le weight if other than 70 g,11.1.5 Drying time and temperature if other than 16 to 20 h at 104 6 2C,11.1.6 pH and results of specific analyses calculated in appropriate units. State analytical procedures used, and filter used if otherthan 0.45 m,11.1.7 Observation of changes in test material or lea
49、ching solution recorded in 9.8.11.1.8 Date leach testing started, preservation used for extract, and date of analysis.D3987 12412. Precision and Bias12.1 No information is presently available as to the precision or bias of the analysis of specific constituents in the extract. Itis recommended that users of this test method validate the applicability of their chosen methods of detection by spiking portionsof the extract, before using these test methods for the analysis of the extract.12.2 Based on a collaborative series of tests on five solid wastes includi
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