1、Designation: D 4008 95 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Test Method forMeasuring Anti-Soil Deposition Properties of LaundryDetergents (Not Suitable for Detergent Ranking)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4008; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides guidelines for measuring theability of
3、 detergents to prevent the deposition of soils fromdetergent solutions onto fabrics. It is intended as a laboratoryscreening test to aid in the formulation of detergent products,for quality control, and as a basis between the purchaser andseller in standardizing specific products performance.1.2 The
4、 anti-soil deposition performance of detergent prod-ucts will vary greatly depending on the type of soils and fabricsused in the test. Therefore, selection of the soils, fabrics,reference detergents, and test conditions shall be made byagreement between the interested parties on the basis ofexperien
5、ce.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are tobe regarded separately as the standard. The values given inparentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the use
6、r of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material safety datasheets are available for reagents and materials. Review themfor hazards prior to usage.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 119
7、3 Specification for Reagent Water2D 2960 Method for Controlled Laundering Test UsingNaturally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances3E 97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg, 0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band FilterReflectometry4E 313 Test Method for Indexes of Whiteness a
8、nd Yellow-ness of Near-White Opaque Materials43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 reflectance retentionthe change in reflectance be-tween clean fabric and the same fabric after laundering.3.1.2 soil depositionthe soiling of clean fabrics by soilthat has been added
9、to the wash bath rather than by soilremoved from another fabric.3.1.3 soil redepositionthe soiling of clean, or relativelyclean, fabrics during the laundering process by soil that hasbeen removed from another fabric.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Swatches of clean fabrics are washed, a minimum ofthree
10、 times, in solutions of the test detergent prepared tocontain known amounts of particulate and oily soils.4.1.1 Identical clean swatches are similarly exposed toprepared solutions of a suitable reference detergent containingan identical soil load. The ability of the test detergent toprevent soil dep
11、osition is estimated by comparing the reflec-tance retention of the swatches washed in the test detergent tothe reflectance retention of those washed in the referencedetergent.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test as now constituted is not suitable for ranking ofdetergent products, since no basis is a
12、vailable at this time forcorrelation of the anti-deposition performance of detergentsusing any particular combination of soils and fabrics withanti-redeposition performance during washing of naturallysoiled articles.5.2 A suggested procedure for comparing the performanceof any two laundry detergents
13、 or naturally soiled family itemsin home laundry equipment, under controlled conditions on apaired comparison basis, is described in Method D 2960.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D12 on Soapsand Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 on
14、Physical Testing.Current edition approved April 15, 1995. Published June 1995. Originallypublished as D 4008 81. Last previous edition D 4008 89.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.04.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.1Copyright ASTM International
15、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Laboratory WasherA laboratory-scale, agitator-typewashing machine.56.2 Reflectometer, calibrated by means of standard vitreousenamel plaques having reflectances in the range of the fabric orswatch s
16、amples being measured.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such
17、 specifications are available.6Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean T
18、ype IV reagent waterconforming to Specification D 1193.7.3 Standard SoilsSoils suitable for deposition-type de-tergency tests are not commercially available, therefore, labo-ratory prepared soils must be used. For example, vacuumcleaner dirt, air conditioner filter dirt, and colored clay mate-rial,
19、or mixtures of two or more of these can be used asparticulate soil. Triglyceride, fatty acid, paraffinic hydrocarbon,and fatty alcohol are examples of oily soils that may be used.Mixtures of two or more of these oily soils or a mixture basedon the components of human sebum may also be used. The oily
20、soils may be added as emulsions or solvent solutions or theymay be added after first mixing with the particulate soil in asolvent solution and subsequent evaporation of the solvent.NOTE 1A 1:1 mixture of vacuum cleaner dirt and Bandy Black clay7has been found suitable as a particulate soil. A sugges
21、ted use level of thissoil is 0.5 g/1000 mL of wash solutions. The vacuum cleaner dirt can beobtained from domestic or office locations. Before use, it is screenedthrough a 150-mesh (Tyler equivalent) screen to remove lint, trash, andcoarse particles.A 1:1 mixture of triolein (technical) and mineral
22、oil (Saybolt viscosity340 to 350) has also been found satisfactory. A suggested use level is0.100 g/1000 mL of wash solution.An artificial sebum composition has also been found suitable as an oilysoil. A useful formula for such a composition was reported by Spangler,W. G., Cross, H. D., and Schaafsm
23、a, B. R., Journal of the American OilChemists Society, Vol 42, 1965, p. 723. A suggested use level is 0.100g/1000 mL of wash solution.7.3.1 The following procedure is a satisfactory method forconvenient addition of particulate and oily soils to the washbath: Thoroughly blend together 20 g of Bandy B
24、lack clay and20 g of vacuum cleaner dirt. Add this mixture to 150 mL ofmethylene chloride containing4goftriolein and4gofmineraloil. While constantly stirring this mixture, evaporate thesolvent under a heat lamp in a hood. The oily/particulate soil isgently ground in a mortar and pestle to disperse a
25、ny lumps, thatmay have formed. Store the soil mixture at refrigeratortemperature until use. Recommended use level of this com-bined soil is 0.600 g/1000 mL of wash solution.7.4 Standard Clean Fabrics8Because different fabricshave different soiling characteristics depending on their surfacechemistry
26、and morphology, it is recommended that severalfabric types be used. For example, cotton, nylon, polyester, andpolyester/cotton blends may be used. These should be cut to 4by 412 in. in size with pinked, merrowed, or fused edges toprevent unraveling. Ten swatches of each fabric are used foreach test.
27、 Test each fabric type separately. Pay special attentionto the identification of finishes, for example durable-press,soil-release, etc.NOTE 2A preliminary laundering of the fabric may be desired toremove any material that might interfere with the test.7.5 Reference DetergentA comparison detergent su
28、itableto the fabric and conditions shall be included in each run.7.6 Hard-Water Stock SolutionPrepare a hard-water stocksolution by dissolving 2.940 6 0.002 g of calcium chloridedihydrate (CaCl22H2O) and 2.033 6 0.002 g of magnesiumchloride hexahydrate (MgCl26H2O) in about 300 mL of water.Dilute to
29、a volume of 1 L with additional water. This solutioncontains 3000 ppm hardness (expressed as calcium carbonate)with a Ca + Mg molar ratio of 2:1. Other ratios may be used.7.7 Calcium/Magnesium Ratio (as CaCO3)It is suggestedthat this ratio be adjusted for different water hardnesses asfollows:Calcium
30、/MagnesiumWater Hardness Range, ppm (gpg) Ratio0 to 60 (0 to 3.5) 4:161 to 120 (3.6 to 7.0) 3:1121 and over (7.1 and over) 2:1These ratios are based on calculations derived from dataincluded in Public Water Supplies of 100 Largest Cities in theUnited States, by E. Becker and C. N. Durfor; U. S. Gove
31、rn-ment Printing Office, 1964.8. Sampling8.1 Samples of the detergent to be tested and of thereference detergent shall be obtained from homogeneous lotsand stored in nearly filled, airtight containers until tested.9. Reflectance Determinations9.1 Operate the reflectometer in accordance with the in-s
32、tructions supplied with the instrument for 45, 0 luminousreflectance using a procedure that avoids fluorescence effects.Standardize the instrument with standard vitreous enamelplaques that have reflectances closest to the reflectances of theswatches being measured. Use sufficient layers of the fabri
33、c5The Terg-o-tometer, obtainable from the United States Testing Co., 1415 ParkAve., Hoboken, NJ, has been found satisfactory.6Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Ch
34、emical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.7Bandy Black clay is available from either H. C. Spinks Clay Co., Paris, TN, orTextile Innov
35、ators Corp., Windsor, NC.8Standard clean fabrics can be obtained from Testfabrics, Inc., P.O. Drawer 0,200 Blackford Ave., Middlesex, NJ 08846.D 4008 95 (2003)2being read, so that addition of another layer of fabric does notcause a change in the reflectance of the swatch being read.Make a sufficient
36、 number of reflectance readings on the cleanswatches to give the desired statistical level of significance.Repeat after the swatches have been washed and dried.Procedures used in making reflectance determinations shallconform to those of Test Method E 97. Reflectance readingsmay be recorded in terms
37、 of Rd, L,orY. (See Test MethodE 313, Appendix A1.)10. Procedure10.1 Operate the washer at a suitable fixed speed (90cycles/min is suggested). Maintain the water bath at a tempera-ture suitable to the fabric, detergent, and conditions of the test.Prepare duplicate solutions of the test product and t
38、he referencedetergent in 1000 mL of water at the desired concentration,temperature, and water hardness. It is recommended thatconcentrations of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.25 %, temperatures of70, 100, and 130F (21, 38, and 54C), and water hardnesses of35, 150, and 300 ppm be included. Transfer the soluti
39、ons to thebuckets of the washer. Add to each bucket the selected soils,start the wash agitator, and agitate the solution for 2 min tofully disperse the soil. Without stopping the agitation, add theselected fabrics and wash for 10 min. Then remove theswatches, squeeze them by hand, and transfer to a
40、bucketcontaining 1000 mL of water of the same hardness at the sametemperature and rinse 3 min. Then damp dry the swatchesbetween clean toweling and air dry. Repeat the above tests atleast two more times using the same swatches. Determine thereflectance of the washed and dried swatches.NOTE 3In any t
41、est program a water hardness of 150 ppm should beincluded, since approximately 80 % of the familes in the U.S. have thislevel of hardness, or below. It should also be noted that while natural soilsadd hardness to the wash bath, artificial soils may not, therefore a hardnessof 75 ppm may be more real
42、istic for the lower hardness level.NOTE 4To avoid discoloration, change in structure of the swatchsurfaces, or both, do not use direct heat or pressure from an instrumentsuch as a photographic print dryer, hand iron, automatic ironer, or tumbledryer.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the percent reflecta
43、nce retention as follows:Reflectance retention, % 5 Cw/Co! 3 100 (1)where:Cw= average reflectance of the test swatches after wash-ing, andCo= average reflectance of the test swatches before wash-ing.11.2 Calculate the reflectance retention of the test detergentas the percent of the reference deterge
44、nt as follows:percent of reference 5RRtestRRref3 100 (2)where:RRtest= percent reflectance retention of the test detergent,andRRref= percent reflectance retention of the reference de-tergent.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Because of the variability of soils and fabrics used inthis test, it does not have
45、the precision or reproducibility of ananalytical determination.12.2 Adequate reproducibility is possible if soils, fabrics,and reference detergent are not varied and reflectance retentionof the test detergent is reported as percent of the referencedetergent.ASTM International takes no position respe
46、cting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This st
47、andard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Internat
48、ional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown belo
49、w.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4008 95 (2003)3
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