1、Designation: D4008 95 (Reapproved 2009)D4008 16Standard Test Method Guide forMeasuring Anti-Soil Deposition Properties of LaundryDetergents (Not Suitable for Detergent Ranking)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4008; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides guidelines for measuring th
3、e ability of detergents to prevent the deposition of soils from detergentsolutions onto fabrics. It is intended as a laboratory screening test to aid in the formulation of detergent products, for qualitycontrol, and as a basis between the purchaser and seller in standardizing specific products perfo
4、rmance.1.2 The anti-soil deposition performance of detergent products will vary greatly depending on the type of soils and fabrics usedin the test. Therefore, selection of the soils, fabrics, reference detergents, and test conditions shall be made by agreement betweenthe interested parties on the ba
5、sis of experience.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given inparentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respons
6、ibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Material safety data sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
7、 Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2960 Guide for Controlled Laundering Test Using Naturally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances (Withdrawn 2013)3E97 Method of Test for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-Deg 0-Deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band FilterReflectometry (Withdrawn 1
8、991)3E313 Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 reflectance retentionthe change in reflectance between clean fabric and the same fabric after laundering.3.1.2 soil
9、 depositionthe soiling of clean fabrics by soil that has been added to the wash bath rather than by soil removed fromanother fabric.3.1.3 soil redepositionthe soiling of clean, or relatively clean, fabrics during the laundering process by soil that has beenremoved from another fabric.4. Summary of T
10、est Method4.1 Swatches of clean fabrics are washed, a minimum of three times, in solutions of the test detergent prepared to contain knownamounts of particulate and oily soils.4.1.1 Identical clean swatches are similarly exposed to prepared solutions of a suitable reference detergent containing anid
11、entical soil load. The ability of the test detergent to prevent soil deposition is estimated by comparing the reflectance retentionof the swatches washed in the test detergent to the reflectance retention of those washed in the reference detergent.1 This test method guide is under the jurisdiction o
12、f ASTM Committee D12 on Soaps and Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.15 onPhysical Testing.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009July 1, 2016. Published December 2009August 2016. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 asD4008 95(2003
13、).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/D4008-95R09.10.1520/D4008-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The las
14、t approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequatel
15、y depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
16、PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 The test as now constituted is not suitable for ranking of detergent products, since no basis is available at this time forcorrelation of the anti-deposition performance of detergents using any particular combination of soils and fabrics withan
17、ti-redeposition performance during washing of naturally soiled articles.5.2 A suggested procedure for comparing the performance of any two laundry detergents or naturally soiled family items inhome laundry equipment, under controlled conditions on a paired comparison basis, is described in Method D2
18、960.6. Apparatus6.1 Laboratory WasherA laboratory-scale, agitator-type washing machine.46.2 Reflectometer, calibrated by means of standard vitreous enamel plaques having reflectances in the range of the fabric orswatch samples being measured.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent gra
19、de chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that allreagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, wheresuch specifications are available.5 Other grades may be used, provided it is first a
20、scertained that the reagent is of sufficiently highpurity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagent waterconforming to Specification D1193.7.3 Standard SoilsSoil
21、s suitable for deposition-type detergency tests are not commercially available, therefore, laboratoryprepared soils must be used. For example, vacuum cleaner dirt, air conditioner filter dirt, and colored clay material, or mixturesof two or more of these can be used as particulate soil. Triglyceride
22、, fatty acid, paraffinic hydrocarbon, and fatty alcohol areexamples of oily soils that may be used. Mixtures of two or more of these oily soils or a mixture based on the components of humansebum may also be used. The oily soils may be added as emulsions or solvent solutions or they may be added afte
23、r first mixingwith the particulate soil in a solvent solution and subsequent evaporation of the solvent.NOTE 1A1:1 mixture of vacuum cleaner dirt and Bandy Black clay has been found suitable as a particulate soil. A suggested use level of this soilis 0.5 g/1000 mL of wash solutions. The vacuum clean
24、er dirt can be obtained from domestic or office locations. Before use, it is screened through a150-mesh (Tyler equivalent) screen to remove lint, trash, and coarse particles.A1:1 mixture of triolein (technical) and mineral oil (Saybolt viscosity 340 to 350) has also been found satisfactory. A sugges
25、ted use level is 0.100g/1000 mL of wash solution.An artificial sebum composition has also been found suitable as an oily soil. A useful formula for such a composition was reported by Spangler, W.G., Cross, H. D., and Schaafsma, B. R., Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, Vol 42, 1965, p. 72
26、3. A suggested use level is 0.100 g/1000 mLof wash solution.7.3.1 The following procedure is a satisfactory method for convenient addition of particulate and oily soils to the wash bath:Thoroughly blend together 20 g of Bandy Black clay and 20 g of vacuum cleaner dirt. Add this mixture to 150 mL of
27、methylenechloride containing 4 g of triolein and 4 g of mineral oil. While constantly stirring this mixture, evaporate the solvent under a heatlamp in a hood. The oily/particulate soil is gently ground in a mortar and pestle to disperse any lumps, that may have formed. Storethe soil mixture at refri
28、gerator temperature until use. Recommended use level of this combined soil is 0.600 g/1000 mL of washsolution.7.4 Standard Clean Fabrics6Because different fabrics have different soiling characteristics depending on their surfacechemistry and morphology, it is recommended that several fabric types be
29、 used. For example, cotton, nylon, polyester, andpolyester/cotton blends may be used. These should be cut to 4 by 412 in. in size with pinked, merrowed, or fused edges to preventunraveling. Ten swatches of each fabric are used for each test. Test each fabric type separately. Pay special attention to
30、 theidentification of finishes, for example durable-press, soil-release, etc.NOTE 2A preliminary laundering of the fabric may be desired to remove any material that might interfere with the test.7.5 Reference DetergentA comparison detergent suitable to the fabric and conditions shall be included in
31、each run.7.6 Hard-Water Stock SolutionPrepare a hard-water stock solution by dissolving 2.940 6 0.002 g of calcium chloridedihydrate (CaCl22H2O) and 2.03360.002 g of magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl26H2O) in about 300 mLof water. Diluteto a volume of 1 L with additional water. This solution cont
32、ains 3000 ppm hardness (expressed as calcium carbonate) with aCa + Mg molar ratio of 2:1. Other ratios may be used.7.7 Calcium/Magnesium Ratio (as CaCO3)It is suggested that this ratio be adjusted for different water hardnesses as follows:4 The Terg-o-tometer has been found satisfactory.5 Reagent Ch
33、emicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed bythe American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and Na
34、tionalFormulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.D4008 162Calcium/MagnesiumWater Hardness Range, ppm (gpg) Ratio0 to 60 (0 to 3.5) 4:161 to 120 (3.6 to 7.0) 3:1121 and over (7.1 and over) 2:1These ratios are based on calculations derived from data included in Public Water S
35、upplies of 100 Largest Cities in the UnitedStates, by E. Becker and C. N. Durfor; U. S. Government Printing Office, 1964.8. Sampling8.1 Samples of the detergent to be tested and of the reference detergent shall be obtained from homogeneous lots and storedin nearly filled, airtight containers until t
36、ested.9. Reflectance Determinations9.1 Operate the reflectometer in accordance with the instructions supplied with the instrument for 45, 0 luminous reflectanceusing a procedure that avoids fluorescence effects. Standardize the instrument with standard vitreous enamel plaques that havereflectances c
37、losest to the reflectances of the swatches being measured. Use sufficient layers of the fabric being read, so thataddition of another layer of fabric does not cause a change in the reflectance of the swatch being read. Make a sufficient numberof reflectance readings on the clean swatches to give the
38、 desired statistical level of significance. Repeat after the swatches havebeen washed and dried. Procedures used in making reflectance determinations shall conform to those of Test Method E97.Reflectance readings may be recorded in terms of Rd, L, or Y. (See Test Method E313, Appendix A1.)10. Proced
39、ure10.1 Operate the washer at a suitable fixed speed (90 cycles/min is suggested). Maintain the water bath at a temperature suitableto the fabric, detergent, and conditions of the test. Prepare duplicate solutions of the test product and the reference detergent in 1000mL of water at the desired conc
40、entration, temperature, and water hardness. It is recommended that concentrations of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2,and 0.25 %, temperatures of 70, 100, and 130F (21, 38, and 54C), and water hardnesses of 35, 150, and 300 ppm be included.Transfer the solutions to the buckets of the washer. Add to each bucket the se
41、lected soils, start the wash agitator, and agitate thesolution for 2 min to fully disperse the soil. Without stopping the agitation, add the selected fabrics and wash for 10 min. Thenremove the swatches, squeeze them by hand, and transfer to a bucket containing 1000 mL of water of the same hardness
42、at thesame temperature and rinse 3 min. Then damp dry the swatches between clean toweling and air dry. Repeat the above tests at leasttwo more times using the same swatches. Determine the reflectance of the washed and dried swatches.NOTE 3In any test program a water hardness of 150 ppm should be inc
43、luded, since approximately 80 % of the familes in the U.S. have this levelof hardness, or below. It should also be noted that while natural soils add hardness to the wash bath, artificial soils may not, therefore a hardness of 75ppm may be more realistic for the lower hardness level.NOTE 4To avoid d
44、iscoloration, change in structure of the swatch surfaces, or both, do not use direct heat or pressure from an instrument such as aphotographic print dryer, hand iron, automatic ironer, or tumble dryer.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the percent reflectance retention as follows:Reflectance retention,%5
45、Cw/Co!3100 (1)where:Cw = average reflectance of the test swatches after washing, andCo = average reflectance of the test swatches before washing.11.2 Calculate the reflectance retention of the test detergent as the percent of the reference detergent as follows:percent of reference5RRtestRRref3100 (2
46、)where:RRtest = percent reflectance retention of the test detergent, andRRref = percent reflectance retention of the reference detergent.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Because of the variability of soils and fabrics used in this test, it does not have the precision or reproducibility of ananalytical det
47、ermination.12.2 Adequate reproducibility is possible if soils, fabrics, and reference detergent are not varied and reflectance retention of thetest detergent is reported as percent of the reference detergent.D4008 163ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights a
48、sserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time
49、 by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
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