1、Designation: D4020 11Standard Specification forUltra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Molding andExtrusion Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4020; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification provides f
3、or the identification ofvirgin, natural color, unmodified homopolymer ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) plastics moldingand extrusion materials. This identification is made in such amanner that the seller and purchaser can agree on the accept-ability of different commercial lots or
4、shipments.1.2 This specification also provides guidance for the char-acterization of UHMWPE materials based on various mechani-cal, thermal, electrical, and other analyses.1.3 It is not intended to differentiate between variousmolecular weight grades of ultra-high-molecular-weight poly-ethylene comm
5、ercially available.1.4 It is not the function of this specification to providespecific engineering data for design purposes.1.5 Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylenes, as definedin this specification, are those linear polymers of ethylenewhich have a relative viscosity of 1.44 or greater, in acco
6、r-dance with the test procedures described herein.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to thetest method portions in Section 7 and the Annex and Appen-dixes, o
7、f this specification: This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use
8、.NOTE 1This standard and ISO 11542-1 address the same subjectmatter, but differ in technical content. ISO 11542-1 provides a classifica-tion system based on various characteristics and a range of viscositynumbers determined in accordance with ISO 1628-3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D88
9、3 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1601 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Ethyl-ene Polymers2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 11542-1 PlasticsUltra High Molecular-Weight Poly-ethylene (PE-UHMW) Moulding and ExtrusionMaterialsPart 1: Designation System and Basis forSpecificationISO 1628-3 PlasticsDet
10、ermination of Viscosity Numberand Limiting Viscosity NumberPart 3: Polyethylenesand Polypropylenes3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms used in this specifica-tion are in accordance with Terminology D883.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ultra-high-molecular-weight
11、 polyethylene moldingand extrusion materialsas defined by this specification, thosesubstantially linear polyethylenes which have a relative viscos-ity of 1.44 or greater, at a concentration of 0.02 %, at 135C, indecahydronaphthalene.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIt has been common practice to refer tothe “molec
12、ular weight” of UHMW-PE resins. The followingcalculations shall be used to approximate the specific viscosity(hsp), reduced viscosity (hred or R.S.V.), intrinsic viscosity (hor I.V.), and the approximate nominal viscosity average mo-lecular weight of virgin resin. The calculations are shown asfollow
13、s:Relative viscosity 5hr5Sts2ktsD/Sto2ktoD(1)1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on ThermoplasticMaterials.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1981. La
14、st previous edition approved in 2005 as D4020 - 05. DOI:10.1520/D4020-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe A
15、STM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
16、2959, United States.Specific viscosity 5hsp5hr2 1Reduced viscosity 5hred5hspCThe intrinsic viscosity is calculated by determining the reducedviscosity and extrapolating to infinite dilution, that is, 0 % concentra-tion.Intrinsic viscosity = h=(2hsp2lnhrel)1/24 cNominal viscosity molecular weight = 5
17、.37 3 104h1.37where:k = kinetic energy correction constant for the particularviscometer used,ts= flow time of solution at 135C, s,to= flow time of pure solvent at 135C, s, andC = concentration.NOTE 2There are other equations being used in industry to calculatethe nominal viscosity average molecular
18、weights. Refer to Appendix X5for the other equations and their relationship to the nominal viscosityaverage molecular weight equation in 3.2.1.1. The equation in 3.2.1.1 isthe only equation that shall be used for reporting of nominal viscosityaverage molecular weight.NOTE 3Use of the solution viscos
19、ity test on thermally processedmaterial is invalid due to inadequate solubility and possible crosslinking4. Classification4.1 It is recognized that dilute solution viscosity measure-ments can only be made on virgin resin. Therefore, thefollowing test and limits shall be used to determine theproperti
20、es of virgin polymer only.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 The molding and extrusion material shall be UHMWpolyethylene in the form of powder or granules.5.2 The molding and extrusion materials shall be as uniformin composition and size and as free of contamination as can beachieved by good manufactu
21、ring practice. If necessary, thelevel of contamination shall be agreed upon between the sellerand the purchaser.5.3 Unless controlled by requirements specified elsewherein this specification, the color and translucence of molded orextruded pieces, formed under conditions recommended by themanufactur
22、er of the material, will be comparable withincommercial match tolerances to the color and translucence ofstandard molded or extruded samples of the same thicknesssupplied in advance by the manufacturer of the material.6. Sampling6.1 A batch or lot shall be considered as a unit of manufac-ture and ca
23、n consist of a blend of two or more production runsof the same material.6.2 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the seller and thepurchaser, prior to packaging, the material shall be sampledbased on adequate statistical sampling.7. Test Method7.1 Dilute Solution ViscosityUse Test Method D1601,asmod
24、ified in Annex A1.8. Keywords8.1 extrusion materials; molding materials; plastics; poly-ethylene; ultra-high-molecular-weight; UHMW-PE; viscosityANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. DILUTE SOLUTION VISCOSITYA1.1 General DescriptionA1.1.1 The test sequence consists of dissolving UHMW-PEin decahydronaphtha
25、lene (0.02 g/100 mL) at 150C and thenmeasuring the relative viscosity at 135C in an Ubbelohde No.1 viscometer. It is possible to calculate the relative solutionviscosity from these experimental data.A1.2 ApparatusA1.2.1 Analytical Balance.A1.2.2 Microscope Slide Cover Slip.A1.2.3 Hot Plate, with mag
26、netic stirrer.A1.2.4 Erlenmeyer Flask, 250-mL, with glass stopper.A1.2.5 Vacuum Drying Oven.A1.2.6 Vacuum Aspirator.A1.2.7 Viscometer, Ubbelohde No. 1.A1.2.8 Constant-Temperature Bath, 135 6 0.1C, with a305-mm diameter by 460 mm (12 by 18-in.) tall glass jar as acontainer, and having a suitable supp
27、ort for the viscometer.A1.2.9 Buret, 100-mL capacity, 0.1-mL subdivisions.A1.2.10 Stopwatch, 0.2-s reading.A1.2.11 Still, for decahydronaphthalene.A1.2.12 Glass Funnel, with heating mantle.A1.3 ReagentsA1.3.1 Decahydronaphthalene (Decalin), freshly distilled.A1.3.2 Tetrakismethylene 3-(38,58-di-tert
28、-butyl-48-hydroxyphenyl) propi-onate methane (CAS No. 668-19-8).NOTE A1.1This may also be referred to as Tetrakis-(methylene-(3,5-di-(tert)-butyl-4-hydrocinnamate)methaneA1.4 ProcedureA1.4.1 Stabilized Decahydronaphthalene PreparationDistill in accordance with Test Method D1601 and add 0.2 %tetrakis
29、 methylene 3-(38,58-di-tert-butyl-48-hydroxyphenyl)propionate methane.A1.4.2 Cleaning the ViscometerEmpty the viscometerthoroughly by vacuum and completely refill the viscometerD4020 112with distilled, filtered, non-stabilized decahydronaphthalene.Place the viscometer into the 135C hot oil constant
30、tempera-ture bath for at least 15-20 min. Completely drain the viscom-eter and dry with dry air or nitrogen just prior to the nextmeasurement in order to prevent dilution and an erroneousmeasurement result.A1.4.3 Solution PreparationDry the UHMW-PE in avacuum oven for2hat60C. Weigh 14 to 17 mg of th
31、e dryUHMW-PE onto a slide cover slip. Use the buret to transfer thestabilized decahydronaphthalene at room temperature into theErlenmeyer flask, measuring, in millilitres, a volume equal to4.5 times the UHMW-PE weight in milligrams, for example,15 mg of UHMW-PE and 67.5 mL of decahydronaphthalene.He
32、at the decahydronaphthalene, with stirring, to 150C, anddrop in the UHMW-PE and its slide cover slip. Continuestirring at 150C for 1 h, with the flask lightly stoppered.A1.4.4 Viscosity Measurement:A1.4.4.1 Place the clean viscometer into the constant-temperature bath, fill with stabilized decahydro
33、naphthalene,and allow the viscometer and solvent to come to thermalequilibrium at 135 6 0.1C. Determine the viscosity of thesolvent. Clean the viscometer as directed in A1.4.2.Itisessential that the whole viscometer be dry.A1.4.4.2 Meanwhile, place the flask of polymer solutioninto the 135C bath and
34、 allow it to equilibrate. Transfersufficient solution to fill the viscometer to the mark (see NoteA1.2) and determine the viscosity of the solution.A1.4.4.3 Between uses, clean the viscometer as described inA1.4.2. Prolonged waits between uses (overnight, etc.) willrequire the use of the H2SO4K2Cr2O
35、7cleaning solution.NOTE A1.2Filling of the viscometer is made easier by the use of aglass funnel warmed with a heating mantle. This helps to prevent theUHMW-PE from precipitating.A1.5 CalculationA1.5.1 Calculate the relative solution viscosity as follows:hr5 ts k/ts! / to k/to! (A1.1)where:k = kinet
36、ic energy correction constant for the particularviscometer used,ts= flow time of solution at 135C, andto= flow time of pure solvent at 135C.APPENDIXESX1. CHARACTERIZATION OF ULTRA-HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENEX1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 The following appendixes provide guidance for thecharacterization of
37、UHMW-PE based on various mechanical,thermal, electrical, and other analyses.(Nonmandatory Information)X2. IMPACT TEST METHOD FOR ULTRA-HIGH-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT POLYETHYLENEX2.1 ScopeX2.1.1 This test method covers determination of the impactstrength of UHMW-PE, which is extremely impact resistant.When t
38、ested in accordance with Test Method D256, MethodA,UHMW-PE generally gives the NBF type of failure, renderingthe test result invalid. This test method specifies the same typeof pendulum impact test machine as that given in Test MethodD256 but introduces a much higher degree of stress concen-tration
39、into the specimen by double notching with a razorblade. Application of this test method shall be limited to thecharacterization of virgin, unmodified UHMW-PE resins, notcommercially processed products. It is advised that the user befamiliar with Test Method D256 before attempting to use thistest met
40、hod.X2.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.NOTE X2.1This test method andAnnex B of ISO 11542-2 address thesame subject matter, but differ in technical content and results shall not becompared between the two test methods.X2.2 Referenced DocumentsX2.2.1 ASTM Standards:
41、2D256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod PendulumImpact Resistance of PlasticsX2.2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 180-1982 (E) Determination of Izod Impact Strength ofRigid MaterialsISO 11542-2 PlasticsUltra-High Molecular Weight Poly-ethylene (PE-UHMW) Moulding and ExtrusionMaterialsPart 2: Preparation of
42、 Test Specimens andDetermination of PropertiesX2.3 ApparatusX2.3.1 The Izod-type impact machine that conforms to therequirements of Test Method D256, including the calibrationand checking methods, shall be used.X2.4 Test SpecimenX2.4.1 The geometry and dimensions of the specimen aregiven in Fig. X2.
43、1.D4020 113X2.4.2 The specimens shall be cut from a sheet compressionmolded in accordance with the conditions described in TableX2.1:TABLE X2.1 Molding Conditions for UHMW-PE Impact TestSpecimensMolding pressure 6.9 to 10.3 MPaPlaten temperature 196 to 210CHeating time 20 min at 196 to 210CPlaten co
44、oling rate 15 6 2C/min from 150 to 90CPlaten temperature for demolding 60 by 60 by 1 Frequency 100 Hz and 1 MHz(compensate for electrode edgeeffect)Dissipation factor IEC 250 60 by 60 by 1 Frequency 100 Hz and 1 MHz(compensate for electrode edgeeffect)Volume resistivity IEC 93 60 by 60 by 1 V-m Volt
45、age 100 VSurface resistivity IEC 93 60 by 60 by 1 V Voltage 100 VDielectric (Electrical) Strength IEC 243-1 60 by 60 by 160 by 60 by 3KV/mm Use 25 mm/75 mm coaxial-cylinderelectrode configuration. Immerse inIEC 296 transformer oil. Use shorttime (rapid rise) testComparative Tracking Index (CTI) IEC
46、112 15 by 15 by 4 Use solution AMiscellaneous PropertiesDensity Test Methods D792, ISO 1183 50 by 12.7 by 6.35 (ASTM)10 by 10 by 4 (ISO)g/cm3Density by displacementBulk Density Test Methods D1895 Granules or powder g/cm3Pourability Test Methods D1895 Granules or powder S Method A, tap funnel to star
47、t flowAngle of Repose Test Method C1444 Granules or powder Angle indegreesCoefficient of Friction Test Method D1894, ISO 8295 63.5 by 63.5 by 6.35 UHMW-PE against metalWater Absorption ISO 62 50 by 50 by 3 or 50 dia. by 3disc% 24 h immersionYellowness Index Practice E313 50 by 50 by 6.35 2 degree ob
48、server, Illuminant C,specular included, UV included,hemispherical configurationD4020 1112SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D4020 - 05)that may impact the use of this standard. (September 1, 2011)(1) Updated and adde
49、d ISO references where appropriate.(2) Removed references to Ciba-Geigy as the sole source forstabilizers.(3) Updated standard conditioning and test condition require-ments.(4) Amended permissive language.(5) Clarified equations for nominal viscosity average molecu-lar weight.(6) Revised procedure for dilute solution viscosity to reflectcurrent practice.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expre
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