ASTM D4025-2008 Standard Practice for Reporting Results of Examination and Analysis of Deposits Formed from Water for Subsurface Injection.pdf

1、Designation: D 4025 08Standard Practice forReporting Results of Examination and Analysis of DepositsFormed from Water for Subsurface Injection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4025; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th

2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the manner in which the variousresults of examination and analysi

3、s to determine the composi-tion of deposits formed from water for subsurface injection areto be reported.1.2 All analyses shall be made in accordance with the testmethods of ASTM, unless otherwise specified.NOTE 1While reporting of inorganic constituents in water-formeddeposits as specified in Pract

4、ice D 933 is sufficient for certain industries,this practice provides for the reporting of organic and biological materialsas well as inorganic constituents.NOTE 2Consistent with practices in industries where subsurfaceinjection of water is practiced, reporting includes specifying of inorganicconsti

5、tuents as probable molecular combinations of the species for whichanalyses are performed.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associ

6、ated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 887 Practices for Sampling Water-Formed DepositsD 932 Tes

7、t Method for Iron Bacteria in Water and Water-Formed DepositsD 933 Practice for Reporting Results of Examination andAnalysis of Water-Formed DepositsD 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 4412 Test Methods for Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria inWater and Water-Formed DepositsE29 Practice for Using Significa

8、nt Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, reference should be made to Terminology D 1129 andPractice D 887.4. History of Sample4.1 Information regarding the source and history of thesample shall be

9、included in the report of the analysis. Thisinformation should be that supplied by the individual submit-ting the sample as follows:4.1.1 Name of company supplying the sample,4.1.2 Name of location of plant, facility, and well,4.1.3 Date and time of sampling,4.1.4 Number of sample,4.1.5 Name and oth

10、er designation of equipment from whichsample was removed,4.1.6 Precise location from which sample was removed,4.1.7 Operating temperature and pressure of water or brineat location of deposit,4.1.8 Type of treatment applied to the water that formed thedeposit,4.1.9 An account of system operating cond

11、itions that mayhave contributed to deposition (for example, filter channeling,chemical pump outage, or increased system temperature),4.1.10 Appearance and extent of deposit prior to removal,4.1.11 Exact method that was used in removing the sampleand notes concerning any contamination that might have

12、occurred during the process,4.1.12 Specific methods used for preservation of sampleprior to and subsequent to removal,4.1.13 Results of field tests made on the sample or relatedequipment,4.1.14 An analysis of the water from which the deposit wasformed, and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of

13、ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents inWater.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4025 97 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards

14、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19

15、428-2959, United States.4.1.15 Identity of sampler.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice sets down the manner in which dataobtained from other test methods should be reported. This isdone in an effort to standardize the report form used.6. Physical Characteristics6.1 The macroscopic characteristi

16、cs of the sample, as ascer-tained by the analyst, including any peculiarities that may bepertinent to the results of the examination, shall be included inthe report.NOTE 3Characteristics such as the following may be recorded: color,form (scaly, slimy, etc.), texture (oily, smooth, friable, gritty, e

17、tc.),magnetic properties (as determined by test with magnet), and apparentstructure (amorphous, crystalline, columnar crystals).NOTE 4Any discrepancies between the physical characteristics ob-served by the analyst and those reported by the sampler should be noted.6.2 Characteristics observed during

18、microscopic examina-tion shall be reported and include a description of the grosscharacteristics and homogeneity or heterogeneity of thesample.6.3 Any distinct observable crystal morphology such asmonoclinic, rhombic, etc., shall be reported.NOTE 5Specific note of the presence of any biological mate

19、rial in thesample should be made.7. Determinations to Be Reported7.1 The major headings for which determinations shall bereported in a complete analysis are as indicated in Table 1.Specific determinations which shall be reported under some ofthe major headings are listed in Tables 2-4. In certain in

20、stances,knowledge of the operating practices and water chemistry willhave suggested the need to perform additional analyses orindicated the need for a less complete analysis; consequently,results from determinations may not be reported for eachindividual item.8. Reporting of Biological Components8.1

21、 The results of examinations conducted to determine thepresence of microorganisms in the sample, such as thosedelineated by Test Method D 932 and Practice D 4412, shall bereported. The organisms present should be identified by phylawith the relative abundance noted.NOTE 6In the absence of quantitati

22、ve measurements, the microbio-logical constitutents may be grouped as major, minor, and trace. Incategorizing the constituents, the qualitative nature of the examination andthe subjective appraisal of its proportion must be considered.NOTE 7The results of the examination should be qualified on theba

23、sis of any known or suspected effects related to sample handling priorto or during analysis likely to influence the validity.9. Reporting of Chemical Analyses9.1 The major headings under which chemical analysisdetermination shall be reported are moisture and volatilematerial, solvent-extractable com

24、ponents, loss at 900C, ash,and inorganic components.9.2 All data shall be reported as weight percent both on anas-received basis and on a dry weight basis, with the exceptionof water and volatile material, which shall be reported on anas-received basis only.TABLE 1 Major Headings for Determinations

25、to Be ReportedMicrobiological examinationMoisture and volatile materialSolvent-extractable components:Fluorocarbon-extractablesWater-solublesAcid-solublesSolvent-insolublesLoss at 900CAshInorganic componentsTABLE 2 Acid-Soluble Portion Ions to Be ReportedInorganic materials:calcium carbonatemagnesiu

26、m sulfidebarium sulfateiron phosphatesodium hydroxideAoxideAOrganic materialsAThese ions are determined by difference. The specific ion reported isdetermined by direct evidence or in absence of such evidence as hydroxide.TABLE 3 AshCommon Constituents to Be Reportedcalcium zincmagnesium sodiumbarium

27、 potassiumstrontium phosphateiron sulfatealuminum chloridesiliconmanganeseTABLE 4 Common Inorganic Components Found inWater-Formed Deposits and Their KspValuesInorganicMaterialKspTemperature,CReferenceAl(OH)31.3 3 10331825ABaCO32.6 3 10925BBa3(PO4)23.4 3 10231825ABaSO41.1 3 101025BCaCO34.9 3 10925BC

28、a(OH)24.7 3 10625BCa3(PO4)22.1 3 103325BCaSO47.1 3 10525BFeCO33.1 3 101125BFe2O31.1 3 103618BFe(OH)32.6 3 103925BFePO42H2O9.93 102925BSrCO35.6 3 101025BSr3(PO4)24.0 3 10281825ASrSO43.4 3 10725BZnCO31.2 3 101025BZn(OH)26.8 3 101725BZnS 2.2 3 102525BNa2CO3NaClNa2SO4SSiO2Other siliceousmaterialALanges

29、Handbook of Chemistry, Dean, J. A., Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 13thEdition, pp. 57 to 512.BHandbook of Chemistry and Physics, Weast, R. C., Ed., Chemical Rubber Co.,1991, pp. 839.D40250829.3 The loss at 105C shall be reported as the moisture andvolatile material content of the sample.9.4 Reporting o

30、f solvent-extractable materials shall be di-vided into organic solvent extractables, water-solubles, acid-extractables, and solvent insolubles.9.4.1 The organic solvent-extractable constituents shall bereported in terms of the generic nature of the extractedmaterial.When the extractable portion of t

31、he deposit comprisesgreater than 10 % on a dry weight basis of the deposit, morespecific identification of its composition is advised.NOTE 8Afluorocarbon refrigerant is the preferred organic solvent forsuch extractions. Where another solvent such as toluene, hexane, chloro-form, or carbon tetrachlor

32、ide is used, either in place of, or in addition tothe fluorocarbon, the solvent used in and the results of such extractionsshall be reported.NOTE 9The generic nature should identify the chemical class towhich the material belongs, such as asphaltene, paraffin, amide, phosphateester, etc.NOTE 10Eleme

33、ntal sulfur will normally be extracted in part byorganic solvents. If sulfur is identified in the extract, specific notation ofits presence shall be made.9.4.2 The water-soluble portion of the sample shall bereported. If the water-soluble portion of the sample is in excessof 10 % on a dry weight bas

34、is, determination for sodium, Na+;potassium, K+; magnesium, Mg+2; calcium, Ca+2; sulfate,SO42; and chloride, Cl, shall also be reported.9.4.3 Reporting of the acid-soluble portion shall indicate thetotal proportion of such components. Results of analyses of theacid-soluble portion for ions and radic

35、als in Table 2 shall alsobe reported. Where the equivalents of cations exceed theequivalents of anions, the difference shall be reported ashydroxide or oxide ion. Where there exists evidence frompetrographic examination, X-ray analysis, or other directanalyses that either is specifically present in

36、the sample, suchevidence shall be reflected in the reported acid-soluble com-ponents. Otherwise, the difference shall be reported as hydrox-ide ion.NOTE 11It is recommended practice to use 15 % hydrochloric acid(1 + 7) in the determination of the acid-soluble content. In some cases,however, the hist

37、ory of the sample may indicate a preference for use ofanother acid. In either case, the type of acid used and its concentrationshall be noted.NOTE 12Where significant discrepancies exist between the totalacid-soluble portion and the inorganic materials identified, due regardmust be given to identifi

38、cation of the presence of acid-soluble organicconstituents.9.5 The loss at 900C shall be reported. This determinationis generally indicative of the decomposition of organic com-ponents; however, the determination will also include loss ofcombined water.NOTE 13Recognition should be made of the fact t

39、hat the process ofheating to 900C results in the conversion of certain inorganic salts. Forexample, hydroxides, carbonates, and sulfides are converted to oxides.9.6 The total ash shall be reported with the constituentslisted in Table 3 specified.9.7 The inorganic constituents identified in an analys

40、is shallbe reported both as their common ionic species and also interms of probable molecular combinations listed inTable 4. Forconvenience of calculation, the ionic species may also bereported as equivalents.9.7.1 The probable mineral composition shall be determinedby association of ions on an equi

41、valent basis so as to form thecompound having the lowest Ksp(based on stability constant ofmetal complexes) value. After complete association of one ofthe ions in the first compound is achieved, the association iscontinued in a manner to form the compound with the nextlowest Kspand so on until all i

42、ons are associated. Kspvalues forcommon minerals are also listed in Table 4. Where evidenceexists from petrographic examination, X-ray diffraction, orother direct analyses, such evidence shall override the probablecombinations of ions above.NOTE 14The use of Kspvalues in determining probable mineral

43、composition of a deposit should be approached and the results of suchconsiderations regarded with caution. Conditions under which depositionoccurred may be such as to cause major changes in Kspvalues and maythen substantially alter the likelihood of a given mineral being present ina deposit.10. Comp

44、leteness and Accuracy of Analysis10.1 The completeness and accuracy of the analysis shouldbe carefully appraised before reporting.10.1.1 The items to be included in a complete report arespecified in Table 1. Any listed for which determinations werenot obtained should be so indicated.10.1.2 Each dete

45、rmination reported shall be accompaniedby indication of the established precision for the methods used.10.1.3 The summation of the determinations of moistureand volatile material, loss at 900C, and ash shall total 100 65 % on an as-received basis.10.1.4 The inorganic composition developed should acc

46、ountfor 100 6 5 % of the ash content of the sample.NOTE 15In appraising the relationship between ash content andinorganic composition, conversion of certain salts during the ashingprocess as indicated in Note 15 must be considered.10.1.5 Consideration should also be given to reconciling thedetermina

47、tions obtained for ions and radicals comprising thewater-soluble components and acid-extractables with the inor-ganic composition reported.10.1.6 Where the loss at 900C is in excess of 15 % of thesample on a dry weight, the determinations for fluorocarbon-extractables and acid-soluble organics shoul

48、d be appraised.Where discrepancies exist between the loss at 900C and theextracted organics, additional work to identify nonextractedorganic materials in the sample is indicated.10.2 Quantitative determinations shall be reported to sig-nificant figures consistent with the precision of the methodused

49、 (Note 18). When a quantitative determination is made anda negative result is obtained, it shall be reported as “0.0” witha notation as to the amount of sample used and the method ofdetermination. When a determination has been omitted, but theheading of the determination is carried in a tabulation withdeterminations of other samples, the absence of a determina-tion for any other specific sample shall be indicated by an entry“no determination” or by a dash. The terms “nil,” “none,” and“trace” shall not be used. If a qualitative det