1、Designation: D4043 17Standard Guide forSelection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining HydraulicProperties by Well Techniques1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4043; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide covers an integral part of a series ofstandards that are being prepared on the in situ deter
3、minationof hydraulic properties of aquifer systems by single- ormultiple-well tests. This guide provides guidance for develop-ment of a conceptual model of a field site and selection of ananalytical test method for determination of hydraulic proper-ties. This guide does not establish a fixed procedu
4、re fordetermination of hydrologic properties.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 LimitationsWell techniques have limitations in thedetermination of hydraulic properties of groundwater flowsystems. These limit
5、ations are related primarily to the simpli-fying assumptions that are implicit in each test method. Theresponse of an aquifer system to stress is not unique; therefore,the system must be known sufficiently to select the properanalytical method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
6、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series
7、 of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or rep
8、lace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM co
9、nsensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifersD4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Dete
10、rminingTransmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers by Over-damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change in Head(Slug Tests)D4105 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequi-librium Method
11、D4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis NonequilibriumMethodD4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using the Cons
12、tant Head Injection TestD5269 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis Recovery MethodD5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, ConfinedAquifersD5472 Test Method for Determining Specific Capacity andEst
13、imating Transmissivity at the Control WellD5473 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for) Analyz-ing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well andDetermining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Con-ductivity in a Nonleaky Confined AquiferD5716 Test Method for Measuring the Rate of Well D
14、is-charge by Circular Orifice Weir1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 1991.
15、 Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D404396(2010)1.DOI: 10.1520/D4043-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
16、onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on s
17、tandardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D5785 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity of Confi
18、ned Nonleaky Aquifers byUnderdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Test)D5786 Practice for (Field Procedure) for Constant Draw-down Tests in Flowing Wells for Determining HydraulicProperties of Aquifer SystemsD5850 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) DeterminingTransmissivity,
19、 Storage Coefficient, and Anisotropy Ratiofrom a Network of Partially Penetrating WellsD5881 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) DeterminingTransmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers by Criti-cally Damped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug)D5912 Test Method for (Analytical Proce
20、dure) DeterminingHydraulic Conductivity of an Unconfined Aquifer byOverdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug) (Withdrawn 2013)3D5920 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Tests ofAnisotropic Unconfined Aquifers by Neuman Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of comm
21、on terms used inthis test method, see Terminology D653.4. Significance and Use4.1 An aquifer test method is a controlled field experimentmade to determine the approximate hydraulic properties ofwater-bearing material. The hydraulic properties that can bedetermined are specific to the test method. Th
22、e hydraulicproperties that can be determined are also dependent upon theinstrumentation of the field test, the knowledge of the aquifersystem at the field site, and conformance of the hydrogeologicconditions at the field site to the assumptions of the testmethod. Hydraulic conductivity and storage c
23、oefficient of theaquifer are the basic properties determined by most testmethods. Test methods can be designed also to determinevertical and horizontal anisotropy, aquifer discontinuities, ver-tical hydraulic conductivity of confining beds, well efficiency,turbulent flow, and specific storage and ve
24、rtical permeability ofconfining beds.5. Procedure5.1 The procedure for selection of an aquifer test method ormethods is primarily based on selection of a test method that iscompatible with the hydrogeology of the proposed test site.Secondarily, the test method is selected on the basis of thetesting
25、conditions specified by the test method, such as themethod of stressing or causing water-level changes in theaquifer and the requirements of a test method for observationsof water level response in the aquifer. The decision tree inTable 1 is designed to assist, first, in selecting test methodsapplic
26、able to specific hydrogeologic site characteristics.Secondly, the decision tree will assist in selecting a test methodon the basis of the nature of the stress on the aquifer imposedby the control well. The decision tree references the sections inthis guide where the test methods are cited.5.2 Pretes
27、t-Selection ProceduresAquifer test methods arehighly specific to the assumptions of the analytical solution ofthe test method. Reliability of determination of hydraulicproperties depends upon conformance of the hydrologic sitecharacteristics to the assumptions of the test method. Aprerequisite for s
28、electing an aquifer test method is knowledgeof the hydrogeology of the test site. A conceptual understand-ing of the hydrogeology of the aquifer system at the prospec-tive test site should be gained in as much detail as practicablefrom existing literature and data, and a site reconnaissance. Indevel
29、oping a site characterization, incorporate geologicmapping, drillers logs, geophysical logs, records of existingwells, water-level and water-quality data, and results of geo-physical surveys. Include information on the thickness,lithology, stratification, depth, attitude, continuity, and extentof th
30、e aquifer and confining beds.5.3 Select Applicable Aquifer Test MethodsSelect a testmethod based on conformation of the site hydrogeology toassumptions of the test model and the parameters to bedetermined. A summary of principal aquifer test methods andtheir applicability to hydrogeologic site condi
31、tions is given inthe following paragraphs. The decision tree for aquifer testselection, Table 1, provides a graphic display of the hydrogeo-logic site conditions for each test method and references to thesection where each test method is cited.5.3.1 Extensive, Isotropic, Homogeneous, Confined, Non-l
32、eaky Aquifer:5.3.1.1 Constant DischargeTest method in which thedischarge or injection rate in the control well is constant aregiven by the nonequilibrium method of Theis (1)4for thedrawdown and recovery phases. The Theis test method is themost widely referenced and applied aquifer test method and is
33、the basis for the solution to other more complicated boundarycondition problems. The Theis test method for the pumping orinjection phase is given in Test Method D4106. Cooper andJacob (2) and Jacob (3) recognized that for large values of timeand small values of distance from the control well, the Th
34、eissolution yields a straight line on semilogarithmic plots ofvarious combinations of drawdown and distance from thecontrol well. The solution of the Theis equation can thereforebe simplified by the use of semilogarithmic plots. The modifiedTheis nonequilibrium test method is given in Test MethodD41
35、05. A test method for estimating transmissivity fromspecific capacity by the Theis method is given in Test MethodD5472. Test Method D5716 provides a means of means ofmeasuring discharge from high capacity wells. Test MethodD5269 provides a method of determining transmissivity in anon-leaky aquifer.5
36、.3.1.2 Variable DischargeTest methods for a variablydischarging control well have been presented by Stallman (4)and Moench (5) and Birsoy and Summers (6). These testmethods simulate pumpage as a sequence of constant-ratestepped changes in discharge. The test methods utilize the3The last approved ver
37、sion of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.D4043 172principle of superposition in constructing type curves bysumming the effects of successive changes in discharge. Thetype curves may be d
38、erived for control wells discharging fromextensive, leaky, and nonleaky confined aquifers or situationswhere the response to a unit stress is known. Hantush (7)developed drawdown functions for three types of decreases inTABLE 1 Decision Tree for Selection of Aquifer Test MethodD4043 173control-well
39、discharge. Abu-Zied and Scott (8) presented ageneral solution for drawdown in an extensive confined aquiferin which the discharge of the control well decreases at anexponential rate. Aron and Scott (9) proposed an approximatetest method of determining transmissivity and storage from anaquifer test i
40、n which discharge decreases with time during theearly part of the test. Lai et al (10) presented test methods fordetermining the drawdown in an aquifer taking into accountstorage in the control well and having an exponentially andlinearly decreasing discharge.5.3.1.3 Constant DrawdownTest methods ha
41、ve been pre-sented to determine hydraulic-head distribution around a dis-charging well in a confined aquifer with near constant draw-down. Such conditions are most commonly achieved byshutting in a flowing well long enough for the head to fullyrecover, then opening the well. The solutions of Jacob a
42、ndLohman (11) and Hantush (7) apply to aerially extensive,nonleaky aquifers. Rushton and Rathod (12) used a numericalmodel to analyze aquifer-test data. Reed (13) presents acomputer program that includes some of the above proceduresand also includes discharge as a fifth-degree polynomial oftime. Pra
43、ctice D5786 provides information on performingconstant drawdown tests in flowing wells.5.3.1.4 Slug Test MethodsTest methods for estimatingtransmissivity by injecting a given quantity or slug of waterinto a well were introduced by Hvorslev (14) and Ferris andKnowles (15). Solutions to overdamped wel
44、l response to slugtests have also been presented by Cooper et al (16). Thesolution presented by Cooper et al (16) is given in Test MethodD4104. Solutions for slug tests in wells that exhibit oscillatorywater-level fluctuations caused by a sudden injection or re-moval of a volume of water have been p
45、resented by Krauss(17), van der Kamp (18), and Shinohara and Ramey (19). Thevan der Kamp (18) solution is given in Test Method D5785.Kipp (20) analyzed the range of response of wells ranging fromthose having negligible inertial effects through full oscillatorybehavior and developed type curves for t
46、he analysis of slug testdata. The procedure given by Kipp (20) for analysis ofcritically damped response is given in Test Method D5881. Thefield procedure for slug test methods is given in Test MethodD4044. Analytical procedures for analysis of slug test data aregiven in Test Methods D5785, D4104, D
47、5881, and D5912.5.3.2 Extensive, Isotropic, Homogeneous, Confined, LeakyAquifersConfining beds above or below the aquifer com-monly allow transmission of water to the aquifer by leakage.Test methods that account for this source of water have beenpresented for several aquifer-confining bed situations
48、.5.3.2.1 Leaky Confining Bed, Without StorageHantushand Jacob (21) presented a solution for the situation in whicha confined aquifer is overlain, or underlain, by a leakyconfining layer having uniform properties. Radial flow isassumed in a uniform aquifer. The hydraulic properties of theaquifer and
49、confining bed are determined by matching loga-rithmic plots of aquifer test data to a family of type curves.5.3.2.2 Leaky Confining Bed, With StorageSolutions fordetermining the response of a leaky confined aquifer where therelease of water in the confining bed is taken into account werepresented by Hantush (22). Flow in the uniform confinedaquifer is assumed to be radial, and flow in the leaky confiningbeds is assumed to be vertical.5.3.3 Extensive, Confined, Anisotropic Aquifer:5.3.3.1 Radial-Vertical AnisotropySolutions to the headdistribution in a homogeneous con
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