1、Designation: D 4044 96 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method for(Field Procedure) for Instantaneous Change in Head (Slug)Tests for Determining Hydraulic Properties of Aquifers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4044; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the field procedure for perfo
3、rm-ing an in situ instantaneous change in head (slug) test.1.2 This test method is used in conjunction with an analyti-cal procedure such as Test Method D 4104 to determine aquiferproperties.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
4、is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4043 Guide for Sel
5、ection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD 4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers byOverdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Tests)D 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurfa
6、ce LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 5785 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers byUnderdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Test)D 5881 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) Determin-i
7、ng Transmissivity of Confined Nonleaky Aquifers byCritically Damped Well Response to InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug)D 5912 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) Determin-ing Hydraulic Conductivity of an Unconfined Aquifer byOverdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug)3. Termino
8、logy3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 control wellwell by which the aquifer is stressed, forexample, by pumping, injection, or change of head.3.1.2 hydraulic conductivity(field aquifer tests), the vol-ume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will movein a unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient t
9、hrough a unitarea measured at right angles to the direction of flow.3.1.3 observation wella well open to all or part of anaquifer.3.1.4 overdamped-well responsecharacterized by the wa-ter level returning to the static level in an approximatelyexponential manner following a sudden change in water lev
10、el.(See for comparison underdamped well.)3.1.5 sluga volume of water or solid object used to inducea sudden change of head in a well.3.1.6 storage coeffcientthe volume of water an aquiferreleases from or takes into storage per unit surface area of theaquifer per unit change in head. For a confined a
11、quifer, it isequal to the product of specific storage and aquifer thickness.For an unconfined aquifer, the storage coefficient is approxi-mately equal to the specific yield.3.1.7 transmissivitythe volume of water at the existingkinematic viscosity that will move in a unit time under a unithydraulic
12、gradient through a unit width of the aquifer.3.1.8 underdamped-well responsecharacterized by thewater level oscillating about the static water level following asudden change in water level. (See for comparison overdampedwell.)3.1.9 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,refer to Ter
13、minology D 653.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes the field procedures involvedin conducting an instantaneous head (slug) test. The slug testmethod involves causing a sudden change in head in a controlwell and measuring the water level response within that controlwell. Head chan
14、ge may be induced by suddenly injecting or1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally
15、approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 4044 96 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ont
16、he ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.removing a known quantity or “slug” of water into the well,rapid removal of a mechanical “slug” from below the waterlevel, increasing or decreasing the air pressure in t
17、he wellcasing, or emplacement of a mechanical slug into the watercolumn.4.2 The water-level response in the well is a function of themass of water in the well and the transmissivity and coefficientof storage of the aquifer. One method of analysis of the datafrom this field practice is described in T
18、est Method D 4104.5. Significance and Use5.1 This slug test field procedure is used in conjunction witha slug test analytical procedure, such as Test Method D 4104 toprovide quick and relatively inexpensive estimates of transmis-sivity.5.2 The slug test provides an advantage over pumping testsin tha
19、t it does not require the disposal of the large quantities ofwater that may be produced. This is of special importancewhen testing a potentially contaminated aquifer. However, slugtests reflect conditions near the well, therefore are influencedby near-well conditions, such as gravel pack, poor welld
20、evelopment, and skin effects.5.3 Slug tests may be made in aquifer materials of lowerhydraulic conductivity than generally considered suitable forhydraulic testing with pumping tests.5.4 The method of data analysis (analytical procedure)should be known prior to the field testing to ensure that allap
21、propriate dimensions and measurements are properly re-corded. Selection of the analytical procedure can be aided byusing Guide D 4043, Test Method D 5785, Test MethodD 5881, and Test Method D 5912.6. Apparatus6.1 Slug-Inducing EquipmentThis test method describesthe types of equipment that can be use
22、d. Because of the infinitevariety of testing conditions and because similar results can beachieved with different apparatus, engineering specificationsfor apparatus are not appropriate. This test method specifies theresults to be achieved by the equipment to satisfy the require-ments of this practic
23、e.6.2 Water-Level Measurement EquipmentThe method ofwater level measurement may be dependent on the methodselected for injection or withdrawal of water, and the nature ofthe response of the well. For an open-well test, that is, whereaccess to the water level is open to the surface, measure waterleve
24、ls manually as described in Test Method D 4750,byanautomatic recording device linked to a float, or with a pressuretransducer linked to a data logger or display device. A pressuretransducer linked to a data logger will be necessary for a test ina closed well in which water-level changes are induced
25、byvacuum or pressure on the control well and where manualmeasurements do not provide measurements of adequate fre-quency (see 9.3).7. Conditioning7.1 Pre-Test Procedure:7.1.1 Measuring Pre-Test Water LevelsMeasure the waterlevel in the control well before beginning the test for a periodlonger than t
26、he duration of the test to determine the pre-testwater level fluctuations and to establish pre-pumping water-level trend and to determine a pre-pumping reference waterlevel.8. Procedure8.1 Cause a change in water level, either a rise or decline, byone of the following methods:8.1.1 Water SlugInject
27、or withdraw water of a knownquantity into or from the control well.8.1.2 Mechanical SlugInject or withdraw a mechanicalslug below or above the water level. The water within thecontrol well will then rise or decline an amount equal to thevolume of the mechanical slug.8.1.3 Release Vacuum or PressureA
28、method of simulatingthe injection or withdrawal of a slug of water is by the releaseof a vacuum or pressure on a tightly capped (shut-in) controlwell. Before the release, the vacuum or pressure is heldconstant.NOTE 1There is no fixed requirement for the magnitude of the changein water level. Similar
29、 results can be achieved with a wide range ininduced head change. Some considerations include a magnitude of changethat can be readily measured with the apparatus selected, for example thehead change should be such that the method of measurement should beaccurate to1%ofthemaximum head change. Genera
30、lly, an induced headchange of from one-third to one meter is adequate. Although the inducedhead change should be sufficient to allow the response curve to be defined,excessive head change should be avoided to reduce the possibility ofintroducing large frictional losses in well bore.The mechanical mo
31、del for the test assumes the head change is inducedinstantaneously. Practically, a finite time is required to effect a headchange. Selection of time zero can be selected experimentally. Refer to themethod of analysis (such as Test Method D 4104) to determine time zeroand to evaluate the suitability
32、of the change effected in the well.8.2 Measure water-level response to the change in waterlevel. The frequency of water-level measurement during thetest is dependent upon the hydraulic conductivity of thematerial being tested. During the early portions of the test,measure water levels at closely-spa
33、ced intervals. Measure-ments of water level made manually with a tape should bemade as frequently as possible until the water level hasrecovered about 60 to 80 %. Increase the length of timebetween measurements with increasing duration of the test.Since most methods of data analysis are curve-fittin
34、g tech-niques, it is essential that water levels are measured frequentlyenough to define the water-level response curve (see GuideD 4043, Test Methods D 4104 and D 5785).8.2.1 In aquifer-well systems where water-level changes arerapid, it may be necessary to use a pressure transducer linkedto an ele
35、ctronic data logger to measure and record the waterlevels frequently enough to adequately define the waterlevelresponse. The use of transducers and data loggers generallyprovides a greater than adequate frequency of measurements,ranging from several measurements per second in the early partof the te
36、st to a specified frequency in the later portions of a test.With such equipment, the test analysis may use a reduced dataset of measurements to calculate the hydraulic properties (seeGuide D 4043, Test Methods D 4104 and D 5785 for analysisof water level data).D 4044 96 (2008)28.3 Post-Test Procedur
37、eMake preliminary analysis ofdata before leaving the field and evaluate the test regarding thecriteria given in this test method and the method of analysis,such as Test Method D 4104 to determine if the test should bererun.9. Report9.1 Include the information listed below in the report of thefield p
38、rocedure:9.2 All test reports should include the following:9.2.1 Date, time, and well identification,9.2.2 Method of slug withdrawal or injection, as well aswhether the test is a falling head (injection) or a rising head(withdrawal) test,9.2.3 Inside diameter of well screen and well casing abovescre
39、en,9.2.4 Depth of well,9.2.5 Length and depth setting of screen,9.2.6 Volume of mechanical slug or pressure change im-posed on water level, and9.2.7 Pre-testing water-level trend.9.3 Establish and record the measurement point from whichall measurements of water level are made. Record date, time,and
40、depth to water level below measurement point of all waterlevels.9.4 Water levels measured during the test should be re-corded with information on date, clock time, and time since teststarted. If the water levels are measured with a pressuretransducer and recorded with an electronic data logger, reco
41、rdthe name of the data file on the data logger.10. Precision and Bias10.1 PrecisionIt is not practical to specify the precision ofthis test method because the response of aquifer systems duringaquifer tests is dependent upon ambient system stresses.10.2 BiasNo statement can be made about bias becaus
42、eno true reference values exist.11. Keywords11.1 aquifer tests; aquifers; ground water; hydraulic conduc-tivity; hydraulic properties; instantaneous head test; slug tests;storage coefficient; transmissivityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in
43、connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the res
44、ponsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive caref
45、ul consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International
46、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 4044 96 (2008)3
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