1、Designation: D4095 97 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Practice forUse of the Refractometer for Determining Nonvolatile Matter(Total Solids) in Floor Polishes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4095; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the use of a refractometer fordetermining the nonvolatile
3、 matter (total solids) in floorpolishes. This practice is also applicable to resin solutions andwax emulsions used in floor polishes.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
4、lish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and RefractiveDispersion of Hydrocarbon LiquidsD2834 Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter (Total Solid
5、s) inWater-Emulsion Floor Polishes, Solvent-Based FloorPolishes, and Polymer-Emulsion Floor Polishes3. Summary of Practice3.1 Solids (nonvolatile matter) and refractive index are usedas the basis for preparing curves that allow the use of refractiveindex as a fast, accurate means for determining sol
6、ids in floorpolishes, resin solutions, and wax emulsions.4. Significance and Use4.1 Solids (nonvolatile matter) determinations of polishes,resin solutions, and wax emulsions take 2 to4hinaccordancewith Test Method D2834, not counting preparation time.4.2 Curves of solids/refractive index provide a m
7、eans fordetermining solids in a matter of minutes.4.3 This practice is particularly useful for quality controland in process control for the production of polishes and polishcomponents.5. Apparatus5.1 RefractometerAn instrument capable of reading tofour decimal places.5.2 Water Bath, or other means
8、of controlling the tempera-ture of the refractometer prisms.6. Procedure6.1 Determine the nonvolatile matter in the polish, resin, orwax emulsion in accordance with Test Method D2834 using aminimum of three and preferably four replicates. Record thearithmetic average.6.2 Adjust prism temperature of
9、the refractometer to 25Cthrough the use of a water bath. Temperatures of 20C and30C are also commonly used for refractive index work. Anyconvenient temperature may be used as long as that tempera-ture is used consistently.6.3 Standardize the refractometer using the procedure inTest Method D1218 or a
10、ccording to the refractometer manu-facturers instructions. In either case, standard reference liquidsshould be used.6.4 Determine the refractive index of the process water usedfor preparation of the polish, resin, or wax emulsion accordingto the procedure in Test Method D1218.6.5 Determine the refra
11、ctive index of the same sample ofpolish, resin solution, or wax emulsion from 6.1 according tothe procedure in Test Method D1218. (Take multiple readingsand record the arithmetic average.)6.6 Plot a curve of refractive index versus solids on standard(20 by 20/in.) graph paper.6.6.1 Use zero (0 %) so
12、lids and the refractive index of theprocess water as the origin.6.6.2 Plot the solids from 6.1 and the refractive index from6.5 as the second point. Draw a line connecting the origin to thesecond point. Curves, thus produced for polishes, resinsolutions, and wax emulsions are usually straight lines.
13、 Veri-fication must be made by careful dilution (by weight) of the1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D21 on Polishesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D21.03 on Chemical and PhysicalTesting.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Origina
14、llyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4095 97 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D4095-97R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard
15、s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1sample with the process water; determine the refractive indexof the diluted sample that should fall on the curve at thecalculated solids.6.6.3
16、Curves should be checked periodically by determiningsolids in accordance with Test Method D2834 to make sure thecurve has not shifted. Generally, once a year is sufficient.6.6.4 Each formulation has its own individual curve. Chang-ing ingredients or ratios of ingredients in a particular formu-lation
17、 will change the slope of the curve and require develop-ment of a new curve for the revised composition.7. Some Practical Uses of the Data7.1 The curve plotted in 6.6.2 can be adapted in severalways to provide useful information and data for productioncontrol.7.1.1 The curve itself can be used to de
18、termine solids ofpolish or polish components while in process.NOTE 1The useful area of the curve can be enlarged to provide easierreading with increased accuracy.7.1.2 The data from the curve can be used to prepare a tableof refractive index readings over a useful range of solids. Thisavoids the nec
19、essity of constant reference to the actual plot ofthe curve.7.1.3 The data from the curve can be used to prepare a tableof “water to add” to achieve a specific solids. For eachrefractive index reading covering the range of interest there isa volume (gallons or litres) of water to add. Each batch ofm
20、aterial produced must be brought to some specific, knownbase volume to use a “water to add” table.8. Cautions and Comments8.1 Refractive index is very sensitive to temperature. Agood rule of thumb is for every 1C temperature change therefractive index changes about 0.0002; as the temperatureincrease
21、s the refractive index decreases.8.2 Refractive index varies with different wave lengths oflight. Yellow light (sodium, D) is most commonly used. It isimportant to use a constant light source.8.3 Each laboratory must develop its own curves, based onsolids (nonvolatile matter) results, in its oven (a
22、nd otherequipment), its own refractometer and its own trained opera-tors.8.4 It is not important that absolute or even the samerefractive index readings be obtained from each laboratory ininterlaboratory tests on the same sample. Refractometers,operators, and conditions can vary significantly from l
23、abora-tory to laboratory.8.5 Extrapolation of curves to significantly higher solids isnot recommended. Solids more than 3 % higher than the solidslevel used to develop the curve should not be attemptedwithout verification. For example, a curve developed for a20 % polish should not be extrapolated fo
24、r use at 25 % solids;above 23 % a new curve should be considered.8.6 “Hand-held” refractometers can be used but at a con-siderable sacrifice in accuracy. These instruments may besufficiently accurate for in process monitoring.8.7 Opaque materials give less distinct light and dark areasthat make it s
25、omewhat more difficult to adjust the critical edgeon the crosshairs.9. Precision and Bias9.1 The precision and bias of this practice is limited to thatattainable by solids determinations when using Test MethodD2834.10. Keywords10.1 nonvolatile matter; polishes; refractometer solids con-tentASTM Inte
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27、 their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand sho
28、uld be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Sta
29、ndards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 97 (2014)2
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