1、Designation: D4096 17Standard Test Method forDetermination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in theAtmosphere (HighVolume Sampler Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4096; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides for sampling a large volumeof atmosphere, 1600 to 2400 m3(55 0
3、00 to 85 000 ft3), bymeans of a high flow-rate vacuum pump at a rate of 1.13 to1.70 m3/min (40 to 60 ft3/min) (1-4).21.2 This flow rate allows suspended particles having diam-eters of less than 100 m (stokes equivalent diameter) to becollected. However, the collection efficiencies for particleslarge
4、r than 20 m decreases with increasing particle size and itvaries widely with the angle of the wind with respect to theroof ridge of the sampler shelter and with increasing speed (5).When glass fiber filters are used, particles within the size rangeof 100 to 0.1 m diameters or less are ordinarily col
5、lected.1.3 The upper limit of mass loading will be determined byplugging of the filter medium with sample material, whichcauses a significant decrease in flow rate (see 6.4). For verydusty atmospheres, shorter sampling periods will be necessary.The minimum amount of particulate matter detectable by
6、thismethod is 3 mg (95 % confidence level). When the sampler isoperated at an average flow rate of 1.70 m3/min (60 ft3/min) for24 h, this is equivalent to 1 to 2 g/m3(3).1.4 The sample that is collected may be subjected to furtheranalyses by a variety of methods for specific constituents.1.5 The val
7、ues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wi
8、th its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized
9、principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1356 Terminology Relating
10、to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the AmbientAtmosphereD2986 Practice for Evaluation of Air Assay Media by theMonodisperse DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate) Smoke Test(Withdrawn 2004)4D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface AtmosphericPressureE1 Specification f
11、or ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers2.2 Other Documents:EPA-600/9-76-005 Quality Assurance Handbook for AirPollution Measurement Systems, Vol I, Principles (De-cember 1984 Rev.)5EPA-600/4-77-027a Quality Assurance Handbook for AirPollution Measurement Systems, Vol II, Ambient AirSpecific Methods53.
12、Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of other terms used in thistest method, refer to Terminology D1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 absolute filter, na filter or filter medium of ultra-highcollection efficiency for very small particles (submicrometre1This test metho
13、d is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on AirQuality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on AmbientAtmospheres and Source Emissions.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D409
14、6 91 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/D4096-17.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
15、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.5Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
16、http:/www.epa.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDe
17、velopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1size) so that essentially all particles of interest or of concern arecollected. Commonly, the efficiency is in the region of 99.95 %or higher for a sta
18、ndard aerosol of 0.3-m diameter (seePractice D2986).3.2.2 constant flow high-volume sampler, na high volumesampler that is equipped with a constant flow control device.3.2.3 Hi-Vol (the high-volume air sampler), na device forsampling large volumes of an atmosphere, collection of thecontained particu
19、late matter by filtration, and consisting of ahigh-capacity air mover, a filter to collect suspended particles,and means for measuring, or controlling, or both, the flow rate.3.2.4 primary flow-rate standard, na device or means ofmeasuring flow rate based on direct primary observations, suchas time
20、and physical dimensions.3.2.5 secondary flow-rate standard, na flow-rate-measuring device, such as an orifice meter, that has beencalibrated against a primary standard.3.2.6 spirometer, na displacement gasometer consisting ofan inverted bell resting upon or sealed by liquid (or othermeans) and capab
21、le of showing the amount of gas added to orwithdrawn from the bell by the displacement (rise or fall) of thebell.3.2.7 working flow-rate standard, na flow rate measuringdevice, such as an orifice meter, that has been calibratedagainst a secondary flow-rate standard. The working flow-ratestandard is
22、used to calibrate a flow measuring or flow rateindicating instrument.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes typical equipment, opera-tional procedures, and a means of calibration of the equipmentusing an orifice flowrate meter. (See also Annex A1.)4.2 Air is drawn into a covered hou
23、sing and through a filterby means of a high-flow-rate air mover, so that particulatematerial collects on the filter surface.4.3 The amount of particulate matter accumulated on thefilter over a specified period of time is measured by weighinga preweighed filter after exposure. The flow rate of air sa
24、mpledis measured over the test period. The result is expressed interms of particulate mass collected (or loading) per unit volumeof air sampled, usually as micrograms per cubic metre (g/m3).The volume of air sampled is recorded by measurement of thedevice flow rate(s).4.4 The volume of air sampled i
25、s determined by means of aflow-rate indicator. The instrument flow-rate indicator is cali-brated against a reference orifice meter. The latter is a workingstandard which, in turn, has been calibrated against a secondaryflow meter certified by the U.S. National Institute of Standardsand Technology.4.
26、5 Airborne particulate matter retained on the filter may beexamined or analyzed by a variety of methods. Specificprocedures are not included in this method but are the subjectof separate standard methods.5. Significance and Use5.1 The Hi-Vol sampler is commonly used for the collectionof the airborne
27、 particulate component of the atmosphere. Somephysical and chemical parameters of the collected particulatematter are dependent upon the physical characteristics of thecollection system and the choice of filter media. A variety ofoptions available for the Hi-Vol sampler give it broad versa-tility an
28、d allow the user to develop information about the sizeand quantity of airborne particulate material and, using subse-quent chemical analytical techniques, information about thechemical properties of the particulate matter.5.2 This test method presents techniques that when uni-formly applied, provide
29、 measurements suitable for intersitecomparisons.5.3 This test method measures the atmosphere presented tothe sampler with good precision, but the actual dust levels inthe atmosphere can vary widely from one location to another.This means that sampler location may be of paramountimportance, and may i
30、mpose far greater variability of resultsthan any lack of precision in the method of measurement. Inparticular, localized dust sources may exert a major influenceover a very limited area immediately adjacent to such sources.Examples include unpaved streets, vehicle traffic on roadwayswith a surface f
31、ilm of dust, building demolition and construc-tion activity, or nearby industrial plants with dust emissions. Insome cases, dust levels measured close to such sources may beseveral times the community wide levels exclusive of suchlocalized effects (see Practice D1357).6. Interferences6.1 Large extra
32、neous objects, such as insects, may be sweptinto the filter and become weighed unnoticed.6.2 Liquid aerosols, such as oil mists and fog droplets, areretained by the filter. If the amount of liquid so collected issizable, the filter can become wet and its function and massimpaired.6.3 Any gaseous or
33、vaporous constituent of the atmosphereunder test that is reactive with or sorptive upon the filter or itscollected matter will be retained and weighed as particulatematter.6.4 As the filter becomes loaded with collected matter, thesampling rate is reduced. If a significant drop in flow rateoccurs, t
34、he average of the initial and final flow rate calculatedin 10.1 will not give an accurate estimate of total flow duringthe sampling period. The magnitude of such errors will dependon the amount of reduction of airflow rate and on the variationof the mass concentration of dust with time during the 24
35、-hsampling period. As an approximate guideline, any sampleshould be suspect if the final flow rate is less than one half theinitial rate. A continuous record of flow rate will indicate theoccurrence of this problem, or a constant-flow high-volumesampler may be used to eliminate the problem.6.5 The p
36、ossibility of power failure or voltage changeduring the test period would lead to an error, depending on theextent and time duration of such failure.Acontinuous record offlow rate is desirable.6.6 The passive loading of the filter that can occur if it is leftin place for any time prior to or followi
37、ng a sampling periodD4096 172can introduce significant error. For unattended operation, asampler equipped with shutters shall be used.6.7 If two or more samplers are used at a given location,they should be placed at least2m(6ft)apart so that onesampler will not affect the results of an adjacent samp
38、ler.6.8 Wind tunnel studies have shown significant possiblesampling errors as a function of sampler orientation in atmo-spheres containing high relative concentrations of large par-ticles (5).6.9 Metal dusts from motors, especially copper, may sig-nificantly contaminate samples under some conditions
39、.6.10 Under some conditions, atmospheric SO2and NOxmay interfere with the total mass determination (6).7. Apparatus7.1 The essential features of a typical high-volume samplerare shown in the diagram of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. It is a compactunit consisting of a protective housing, an electric motor-drive
40、n, high-speed, high-volume air mover, a filter holdercapable of supporting a 203 by 254-mm (8 by 10-in.) filter atthe forward or entrance end, and at the exit end, means foreither indicating or controlling the air flow rate, or both, overthe range of 1.13 to 1.70 m3/min (40 to 60 ft3/min). Designsal
41、so exist in which a flow controller is located between thefilter and the blower. For unattended operation, a samplerequipped with shutters to protect the filter is required.7.2 A calibrator kit is required. This contains a workingflow-rate standard of appropriate range in the form of an orificewith
42、its own calibration curve. The kit includes also a set offive flow-control plates. These kits are available from mostsupply houses that deal in apparatus for air sampling andanalysis.7.3 A large desiccator or air conditioned room is requiredfor filter conditioning, storage, and weighing. Filters mus
43、t bestored and conditioned at a temperature of 15 to 27C and arelative humidity between 0 and 50 %.7.4 An analytical balance capable of reading to 0.1 mg, andhaving a capacity of at least 5 g is necessary. It is very desirableto have a weighing chamber of adequate size with a supportthat is capable
44、of accommodating the filter without rolling orfolding it or exposing it to drafts during the weighing opera-tion.7.5 Barograph or Barometer, capable of measuring to thenearest 0.1 kPa (1 mm Hg) meeting the requirements of TestMethods D3631.7.6 ThermometerASTM Thermometer 33C, meeting therequirements
45、 of Specification E1.7.7 Clock, capable of indicating 24 h 6 2 min.7.8 Flow-Rate Recorder, capable of recording to the nearest0.03 m3/min (1.0 ft3/min).7.9 Differential Manometer, capable of measuring to 4 kPa(40 mm Hg).8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Filter Medium:8.1.1 In general, the choice of a fil
46、ter medium will dependon the purpose of the test. For any given standard test methodthe appropriate medium will be specified. However, it isimportant to be aware of certain filter characteristics that canaffect selection and use.8.1.2 Glass-Fiber Filter MediumThis type is most widelyused for determi
47、nation of mass loading. Weight stability withrespect to moisture is an attractive feature. High-efficiency orabsolute types are preferred and will collect all airborneparticles of practically every size and description. The follow-ing characteristics are typical:Fiber content All-glass-usually mixed
48、 sizesBinder Below 5 % (zero for binderless types)Thickness Approximately 0.5 mmPinholes NoneDOP smoke test (PracticeD2986)0.05 % penetration, 981 Pa (100 mm of water)at 8.53 m/min (28 ft/min)Particulate matter collected on glass-fiber medium can beanalyzed for many constituents. If chemical analysi
49、s is con-templated binderless filters should be used. It must be borne inmind, however, that glass is a commercial product generallycontaining test-contaminating materials. The high ratio ofsurface area to glass volume permits extraction of suchcontaminants, especially if strong reagents are employed.8.1.3 Silica Fiber FiltersWhere it may be required ordesirable to use a mineral fiber filter, which may later beextracted by strong reagents, silica fiber filters can be used.Such fibers are usually made by leaching glass fibers withstrong mineral acids followed by w
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