ASTM D4135-1982(2004) Standard Practice for Sampling Phytoplankton With Depth-Integrating Samplers《用深度综合采样器采集可繁殖海洋浮游生物》.pdf

1、Designation: D 4135 82 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Practice forSampling Phytoplankton With Depth-Integrating Samplers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea

2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedures for obtaining quan-titative samples of a phytoplankton community by use ofde

3、pth-integrating sampler. The method is suitable for use inflowing waters.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine

4、the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Fig. 32. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4137 Practice for Preserving Phytoplankton Samples3. Summary of Practice3.1 A depth-integrated sample is collected by means of asampler that integrates stream discharge as a function of dept

5、h.The velocity of flow in a stream, as well the density ofphytoplankton, varies both vertically and horizontally. Depthintegration is used to collect a sample that is weightedaccording to the velocity at each increment of depth.3Thephytoplankton may be preserved as dictated by the objectivesof the s

6、tudy.4. Significance and Use4.1 The advantages of the depth-integrating samplers are asfollows:4.1.1 The samplers provide the only means by which arepresentative sample of phytoplankton can be obtained from astream.4.1.2 The variety of sampler designs result in the availabil-ity of a sampler that ca

7、n be used in virtually all velocities offlow.4.1.3 Samples of known volumes can be obtained.4.1.4 A quantitative sample is obtained. Nanno- and ultra-plankton are not lost from the sampling device.4.1.5 Some of the samplers can be used in water up to 55 mdeep.4.1.6 Many of the samplers are light-wei

8、ght and can be usedwithout auxiliary equipment.4.2 The disadvantages of the depth-integrating samplers areas follows:4.2.1 The samplers can be used only in flowing streamshaving a velocity greater than 1.5 ft3/s.4.2.2 Some of the samplers are heavy and require the use ofauxiliary equipment, such as

9、a crane with hoist.4.2.3 The collection of samples can be very time-consuming.4.3 There are several special considerations that shall beobserved when using depth-integrating samplers. They are asfollows:4.3.1 The nozzle of the sampler should be inspected peri-odically for chips, cracks, or other sig

10、ns of damage andreplaced as necessary.4.3.2 The sample from each vertical profile must be com-bined with other similar samples in a common container. If thecombined sample is subsequently subdivided, it must bethoroughly mixed before doing so.5. Apparatus5.1 Several depth-integrating samplers are in

11、 widespreaduse in water-quality studies and have been described bySubcommittee D19.07 on Sedimentation,4(Figs. 1-3). All thesamplers have the same basic design. They consist of ahydrodynamically designed, weighted body into which isplaced the sample container. The rear of the sampler containsseveral

12、 vanes for stabilizing the sampler into the direction ofstream flow. The size and weight of the samplers vary. Thecommon sampler types have been designated as DH-49,DH-74, P-61, and D-77 by Subcommittee D19.07.6. Procedure6.1 One of the best sampling techniques currently acceptedby hydrologists for

13、use in such situations is the equal-transit1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 on BiologicalEffects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE47.01 on Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 20

14、04. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4135 82 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Su

15、mmary page onthe ASTM website.3Colby, B. R., “Relationship of Sediment Discharge to Streamflow,” U.S.Geology Survey, Open-File Report, 1956, 170 pp.4Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Interagency Committee on Water Resources,“Determination of Fluvial Sediment Discharge,” Federal Interagency Commissionon

16、 Water Resources, Minneapolis, MN, Report, Vol 14, 1963, 151 pp.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.rate (ETR) method.5In this method, the standard suspended-sediment sampler is used to collect a discharge-weightedsample.

17、 Samples are taken at a number of equally spacedverticals in the cross section. The transit rate of the sampler,which is the rate of movement of the sampler from the watersurface to the stream bed and back to the surface, should be thesame at all verticals. Samples collected in each vertical arecomp

18、osited into a single sample that is representative of theentire flow in the cross section. Preserve the plankton asdescribed in Practice D 4137.5Guy, H. P., and Norman, V. W., “Field Methods of Measurement of FluvialSediment,” U.S. Geological Survey, Technology of Water-Resources Investigations,Book

19、 3, Chapter C2, 1970, 59 pp.(a) D-11-48FIG. 1 Depth-Integrating SamplersD 4135 82 (2004)2(b) D-77FIG. 2 Depth-Integrating SamplersD 4135 82 (2004)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users o

20、f this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every fiv

21、e years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical c

22、ommittee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA

23、 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).(c) P-61FIG. 3 Depth-Integrating SamplersD 4135 82 (2004)4