1、Designation: D4148 82 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Test Method forAnalysis of Phytoplankton in Surface Water by theSedgwick-Rafter Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determining the density andtaxonomic classification of phytoplankton. I
3、t is applicable bothto relatively sparse or dense phytoplankton concentrations,provided the suspended-sediment concentration is low. TheSedgwick Rafter (S-R) method requires less costly apparatusthan does the inverted microscope method but gives lessaccurate results. The inherent inaccuracy in the S
4、edgwick-Rafter method is due to the design of the counting chamber andcannot be circumvented by a different choice of optics. For thisreason, the S-R method is limited to the use of objective lenseshaving a working distance of approximately 1.6 mm or more.With 10 oculars the maximum overall magnific
5、ation isapproximately 250. High concentrations of suspended sedi-ment can obscure the algal cells, and thus cause interference.1.2 This test method is applicable to both freshwater andmarine samples.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its
6、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary information see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Re
7、lating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed ConduitsD4149 Classification for Sampling Phytoplankton in SurfaceWaters2.2 Various taxonomic keys are required for identification ofthe algae. No single key is suitable for all species likely to beenc
8、ountered. (See Greeson 1977; Weber 1973.)3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The microscope is calibrated to determine the field sizeon the superimposed ocular grid. A Sedgwick-Rafter chamberis filled with a preserved phytoplankton sample.After the algaesettles to the bottom, the chamber is examined micros
9、copicallyat 200 to 250 for the presence of algae. Those algal cells lyingwithin the border of the ocular grid are identified and enumer-ated. The tally is used to calculate the algal density in cells permillilitre.4. Significance and Use4.1 Phytoplankton are basic to the food chain in all aquaticenv
10、ironments. In addition, they have long been considered tobe important indicators of water-quality conditions. Phyto-plankton data are also frequently used in the planning anddesign of water-treatment facilities and reservoirs.5. Interferences5.1 The presence of suspended sediment may obscure algalce
11、lls, making identification difficult. Colonial forms and theoccurrence of algae in trichomes make the estimation of cellnumbers difficult. Some preservation techniques may cause aloss of flagella, hampering identification.6. Apparatus6.1 Microscope, compound, with 10 oculars and 10, 25,40, and 90 ob
12、jectives, substage condenser, and mechanicalstage.6.2 Ocular Micrometer, with Whipple grid.6.3 Sedgwick-Rafter Counting Cell, 50 by 20 by 1 mm.6.4 Stage Micrometer.6.5 Transfer Pipet, 1-mL.6.6 Microscope Slides and Cover Glasses, standard 76 by25-mm noncorrosive slides. Cover glasses, round or squar
13、e,clean and free of oil.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E47 onBiological Effects and Environmental Fate and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E47.01 on Aquatic Assessment and Toxicology.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originall
14、yapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4148 82 (2004).DOI: 10.1520/D4148-82R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
15、Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States17. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents sh
16、all conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.3Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccurac
17、y of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean Type I reagent waterconforming to Specification D1193.7.3 FormalinTo prepare the formalin preservative, mix900 mLof 37 to 40 % aqueous formaldehyde (100 % formalin)with 100 to 150 mL
18、of 20 % surgical detergent solution and 20to 30 mL of saturated cupric sulfate solution.7.4 Lugols SolutionAn alternative preservative is Lugolssolution. Prepare a stock Lugols solution by dissolving 600 gof potassium iodide and 40 g of iodine crystals in 1000 mL ofwater.8. Precautions8.1 Formaldehy
19、de vapors are toxic, and the concentratedsolution can damage exposed skin or eyes. Wear waterproofgloves and appropriate eye protection when handling concen-trated formaldehyde solutions. Work in adequately ventilatedareas.9. Sampling9.1 Collect the sample in accordance with ClassificationD4149.9.2
20、Preserve the sample with either formalin or Lugolssolution. If formalin preservative is desired, mix 40 to 50 mLof formalin preservative with each 1000 mL of sample. IfLugols solution is preferred, mix 37 mL of Lugols solutionwith each 1000 mL of sample, and store in the dark.10. Microscope Calibrat
21、ion10.1 Mount the ocular micrometer (Whipple grid) in oneeyepiece in accordance with the manufacturers instructions forplacement.10.2 Set up the microscope and place the stage micrometeron the stage with the etched markings upper most.10.3 Focus on the ruled graduations under low power(100). Measure
22、 and record the dimensions of the Whipplegrid to the nearest 0.01 mm. Repeat the procedure for all otherobjective/ocular combinations suitable for use with theSedgwick-Rafter cell. Often this is 200 or 250. At magnifi-cations greater than 100, the Whipple grid should be mea-sured to the nearest 0.00
23、1 mm (American Public HealthAssociation, 1976). Calculate and record the area enclosed bythe Whipple grid in square millimetres at each magnification.11. Pretreatment11.1 Some samples may require concentration or dilutionprior to analysis. The decision to concentrate or dilute issubjective and shoul
24、d be reached only after microscopicexamination of the sample. This can be done by preparing awet mount as follows: Mix the sample gently, then pipet a droponto a clean microscope slide, and add a cover slip. Examineat 100 for general concentration. If desired, concentration ordilution may be perform
25、ed by one of the following procedures:11.2 Sample concentration can be accomplished in manyways; settling is the preferred way. One method is to transferthe entire sample to a graduated cylinder of sufficient capacity,noting the initial volume, and then carefully removing most ofthe supernatent by s
26、iphoning after the algae have settledcompletely. Allow a time interval for settling of 4 h/cm ofdepth (Greeson, 1977). Note and record the volume of concen-trate. Another method is to weigh the water sample andcontents to the nearest 1 g, then allow the algae to settle to thebottom for 4 h/cm of dep
27、th. Note and record the initial gross ofsample weight. Then remove most of the supernatant bysiphoning. The remaining sample and container are weighedagain to determine the weight of sample discarded. Assumingan equivalence of weight and volume (1 mL = 1 g), calculateand record the volume of concent
28、rate that will be used in lateranalysis. Transfer the concentrated sample to anothercontainer, then weigh the container to determine the actualconcentration factor.11.3 Dilution of the sample may be necessary to reduce theconcentration of suspended sediment that would otherwiseobscure the algae duri
29、ng analysis. Occasionally a sample mayhave a particularly high density of algae and require dilution.No specific guidelines are available to suggest when dilutionsshould or must be made. The analyst must decide whether ornot to dilute based on past experience. If it is decided to dilute,first mix th
30、e sample thoroughly but gently by inverting thesample container several times. Pipet a known volume into anappropriate graduated cylinder (usually a 50 or 100-mL cylin-der is satisfactory). It is inadvisable to transfer sample volumesless than 5 mLbecause of the difficulty in accurately measuringver
31、y small aliquots of sample. Dilute the sample to the desiredpoint with reagent grade water but, in any case, not beyond thecapacity of the graduated cylinder. Record the initial volume(the aliquot that was diluted) and the diluted sample volume.12. Procedure12.1 Lay the Sedgwick-Rafter cell on a fla
32、t surface with thecover glass placed diagonally across it.12.2 Mix the sample thoroughly by turning the samplebottle end over end no less than ten times. Avoid shaking thesample as this may cause foaming or damage to delicate algae.12.3 Remove a 1-mL aliquot using a pipet and transfer it tothe Sedgw
33、ick-Rafter cell, being careful to avoid gettingbubbles under the cover glass. The cover glass must not floatabove the rim of the cell. Allow the counting cell to stand on3“Reagent Chemicals,American Chemical Society Specifications,”Am. Chemi-cal Soc., Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing o
34、f reagents not listed bytheAmerican Chemical Society, see “Reagent Chemicals and Standards,” by JosephRosin, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, and the “United StatesPharmacopeia.”D4148 82 (2012)2a level surface a minimum of 24 min for the algae to settle.Often it is helpful to prepare a wet m
35、ount at the same time thatcan be used for taxonomic identification of the algae at 400 or950. For example, an aliquot (50 to 100 mL) of sample can beconcentrated by centrifugation or settling, before a useful wetmount can be made.12.4 Following settling, count the algae either by strip countor rando
36、m field technique. The strip-count technique involvescounting cells within the width of a ocular grid for the entirelength of the Sedgwick-Rafter cell. Several such “strips”comprise the count. This technique is useful for relativelysparse samples. Another technique is to count the algal cellslying w
37、ithin the confines of the ocular grid in randomly spacedfields. This technique is particularly useful for dense samplesbut is cumbersome for sparse samples. There is no agreementas to the number of algae that must be counted in order toassume a statistically valid sample. Most workers suggestcountin
38、g a minimum of 100 organisms at the very least.12.5 The counting procedures are basically the same. Twoadjacent sides of the ocular grid are designated “count” sidesand the other two “no-count” sides. Count all cells that liewithin the grid as well as those which touch a “count” side. Donot count th
39、at part of a trichome that extends outside the gridarea. When making a random field count, count a minimum of100 cells or no less than 10 fields, whichever is obtained first,but not less than 10 fields. For strip counts, count a minimumof 100 cells but make at least one complete sweep from side tosi
40、de. Avoid partial sweeps. Tally each taxonomic type sepa-rately.12.6 Some algae may not settle but instead rise to theunderside of the cover glass. These cells should be included inthe tally where they occur within the borders of the grid.12.7 When colonial forms are encountered, it may beimpossible
41、 to count all the cells because of partial obscuring ofunderlying cells. In such cases, it is acceptable to calculate thetotal number of cells lying within the grid by estimation.Similarly, determine the total number of cells in filamentousforms by multiplying the mean cell length by the size oftric
42、home. Count the frustules containing protoplast as havingbeen living at the time of collection. Do not include emptyfrustules in the tally.13. Calculations13.1 Calculate random field count as follows:Cells/mL 5 C!N/E!P!D! (1)C 5 A/Gwhere:C = Calibration factor,A = area of S-R cell, mm2, andG = field
43、 (grid) area, mm2.P 5 S/V (2)where:P = preservative factor,S = sample plus preservative volume, mL, andV = sample volume, mL.D 5 M/O (3)where:D = concentration or dilutions factor,M = concentrated or diluted volume, mL, andO = original sample volume, mL.13.2 Calculate strip counts as follows:Cells/m
44、L 5 C!N/E!P!D! (4)C 5 A/Bwhere:B = area of strip, mm2.P 5 S/V (5)D 5 M/Twhere:T = sample volume prior to concentration per dilution.14. Report14.1 Results shall be reported as the number of cells permillilitre for each taxonomic type.15. Precision and Bias15.1 Because of the taxonomic complexity of
45、the samples,the true value, and therefore the accuracy, cannot be deter-mined.15.1.1 The precision of the count is related to the number oforganisms counted, and is determined by calculating the squareroot of the tally. For example: if 100 cells (or units) areencountered in ten fields, the precision
46、 of the count would be1006=100 5 100610,or 100 6 10 %. The final value, in terms of cells (or units)per millilitre can be determined by the appropriate conver-sion factor. In the example, the precision of the final valuewould be 610 %.D4148 82 (2012)3ASTM International takes no position respecting t
47、he validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard
48、is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International H
49、eadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or
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