ASTM D4150-2008(2016) Standard Terminology Relating to Gaseous Fuels《气体燃料的相关标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D4150 08 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Terminology Relating toGaseous Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4150; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard defines the terms used in standards thatare the responsiblity of Committee D03 on Gaseous Fuels.These terms are used in:1.1.1 The s

3、ampling of gaseous fuels,1.1.2 The analysis of gaseous fuels for composition andvarious other physical properties, and1.1.3 Other practices related to the processing, transmission,and distribution of gaseous fuels.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ISO Standard:ISO NP 14532 Natural GasTerminology23. Termino

4、logyacid gasnatural gas containing high concentrations of hy-drogen sulfide or carbon dioxide, or both, which is acidicwhen in contact with water or water vapor.associated gasnatural gas, also known as gas-cap gas ordome gas, that overlies and is in immediate contact, but notin solution, with crude

5、oil in a reservoir.at-line instrumentinstrument requiring operator interactionto sample gas directly from the pipeline.base conditionstemperature and pressure conditions atwhich natural gas volumes are determined for purposes ofcustody transfer. In natural gas measurement the propertiesof interest a

6、re temperature, pressure, and composition. As-suming ideal gas properties, for simplicity, tables of purecompounds can be prepared for use in calculating gasproperties for any composition at “base conditions.” These“base conditions” are chosen near ambient.BtuBritish thermal unit, the amount of ener

7、gy required toraise the temperature of one pound of water one degreeFahrenheit. One BtuIT(International Table) is equal to1055.056 J.calorimetera device to measure the evolved heat resultingfrom the combustion of a pressed natural gas (CNG)natural gas that is typicallypressurized to 3600 psi. CNG is

8、 primarily used as avehicular pressibilitythe property of a material that permits it todecrease in volume when subjected to an increase pressibility factor (z)a factor calculated by taking theratio of the actual volume of a given mass of gas at aspecified temperature and pressure to its volume calcu

9、latedfrom the ideal gas law at the same conditions.dew pointthe temperature at any given pressure at whichliquid initially condenses from a gas or vapor. It is specifi-cally applied to the temperature at which water vapor startsto condense from a gas mixture (water dew point), or atwhich hydrocarbon

10、s start to condense (hydrocarbon dewpoint).dissolved gasnatural gas held in solution in reservoir liquidsat the prevailing temperature and pressure of the reservoir.dry gasnatural gas containing little or no water vapor.gas qualityquality of gaseous fuel, which is defined by itscomposition and its p

11、hysical properties.gross heating value (also called higher heating value) theamount of energy per volume transferred as heat from thecomplete, ideal combustion of the gas at standard tempera-ture in which all the water formed by the reaction condensesto liquid.hydratea solid, crystalline material co

12、mposed of water andcomponents of natural gas formed under pressure at tem-peratures above the freezing point of water.hydrocarbon dew point(see dew point)inert componentsthose elements or components of naturalgas (fuel gas) that do not contribute to the heating value.1This terminology is under the j

13、urisdiction of ASTM Committee D03 onGaseous Fuels and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.92 onTerminology Classification and Specifications.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4150 08. DOI:

14、10.1520/D4150-08R16.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1in-line instrumentinstrument whose acti

15、ve element is in-stalled in the pipeline and measures at pipeline conditions.interchangeabilitya measure of the degree to which com-bustion characteristics of one gas are comparable to those ofanother gas. Two gases are interchangeable when one gasmay substitute another directly without interfering

16、with theoperation of gas burning appliances or equipment.lean gasnatural gas containing little or no hydrocarbonscommercially recoverable as liquid products.DISCUSSIONWater and recoverable hydrocarbons (ethane andheavier hydrocarbons) are customarily removed from natural gas tomeet contractual or st

17、ate statutory requirements.liquefied natural gas (LNG)natural gas that has beenliquefied, after processing, for storage or transportationpurposes. (This definition is from ISO NP 14532.)natural gasa naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbonand nonhydrocarbon gases found in porous geological for-mat

18、ions (reservoirs) beneath the earths surface, often inassociation with petroleum. The principal constituent ofnatural gas is methane.natural gas odorantan intensively smelling organic chemi-cal or combination of chemicals (for example, sulfurcompounds), added to fuel gases to impart a characteristic

19、and distinctive (usually disagreeable) warning odor so gasleaks can be detected.natural gas, processeda methane-rich commercial gaseousproduct derived from naturally occurring gas mixtures byprocessing (also referred to as merchantable natural gas).net heating value (also called lower heating value)

20、theamount of energy per volume transferred as heat from thecomplete, ideal combustion of the gas at standard tempera-ture in which all the water formed by the reaction remains inthe vapor state.nonassociated gasnatural gas not in contact with, nordissolved in, reservoir liquids.on-line instrumentaut

21、omated instrument that samples gasdirectly from the pipeline, but is installed externally.relative density (specific gravity)ratio of the density of thegaseous fuel, under specified conditions of temperature andpressure, to the density of normal dry air,3at the sametemperature and pressure.rich gasn

22、atural gas containing commercially recoverableamounts of condensable hydrocarbons.sour gasnatural gas containing concentrations of sulfurcompounds which make it impractical to use without puri-fication because of toxicity or corrosive effects, or both, onpiping and equipment.sweet gasnatural gas wit

23、h sulfur compounds low enoughthat it can be used without further purification.water dew point(see dew point)wet gasnatural gas that contains water vapor in excess ofsales or contractual specifications, or both.DISCUSSIONThe term is subject to varying legal definition asspecified by contract or state

24、 statutes.Wobbe indexa numerical value that is calculated as the heatvalue (calorific valueheat) on a volume basis at specifiedreference conditions, divided by the square root of therelative density at the same specified reference conditions.The Wobbe index is a measure of heat input to gasappliance

25、s derived from the orifice flow equation. It indi-cates the relative amount of energy that would flow througha small burner orifice jet.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this stan

26、dard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and

27、if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, w

28、hich you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

29、,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ of Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol 83,pp. 419, 1978.D4150 08 (2016)2