1、Designation: D4157 13Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory CylinderMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determin
3、ation of the abra-sion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatorycylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for somefabric constructions.NOTE 1Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance oftextile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test MethodsD3885,
4、 D3886, and AATCC 93.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard; the values in English units are provided as informa-tion only and are not exact equivalents.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespons
5、ibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabri
6、cs (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics(Uniform Abrasion)D4850 Ter
7、minology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Grab Test)D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)2.2 Other Document:AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: AccelerotorMethod33.
8、Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:abrasion, abrasion cycle, in abrasion testing, breaking force,double-rub, in oscillatory cylinder abrasion testing.3.2 For all other
9、terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-men to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditionsof pressure, tension, and abrasive action. Resistance to abra-sion is evaluated by various means w
10、hich are described inSection 12.5. Significance and Use5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textileand other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasionis affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanicalproperties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; thestr
11、ucture of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and thetype, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers,yarns, or fabric.5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by theconditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variableaction of the abradant over th
12、e area of specimen abraded, thetension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Method
13、s,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4157 10. DOI:10.1520/D4157-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
14、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
15、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changesin the abradant during specific tests. The abradant mustaccordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checkedperiodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, theabradant is used
16、only once or changed after limited use. Withpermanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalentsurfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not changeappreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similarabradants used in different laboratories will not likely change atthe same rat
17、e due to differences in usage. Permanent abradantsmay also change due to pick up of finishing or other materialfrom test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequentintervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasionmay also be affected by the method of evaluation and may beinfluenc
18、ed by the judgment of the operator.5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally onlyone of several factors contributing to wear performance ordurability as experienced in the actual use of the material.While “abrasion resistance
19、” (often stated in terms of thenumber of cycles on a specified machine, using a specifiedtechnique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-tion or wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion) arefrequently related,
20、 the relationship varies with different enduses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculationof predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratorytests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-useperformance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-tance of vari
21、ous materials is large, but they should not be reliedupon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. Ingeneral, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actualwear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing thespecific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests
22、 andactual wear in the intended end-use.5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is notsurprising, therefore, to find that there are many different typesof abrasio
23、n testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasionresistance, and interpretation of results.5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developedfor abrasion resistance may show a high degree of variability inresults obtained by different oper
24、ators and in different labora-tories; however, they represent the methods now most widelyin use. This test method provides a comparative measurementof the resistance of woven textile fabrics to abrasion, and maynot necessarily predict the actyal performance of fabrics inactual use.5.7 If there are d
25、ifferences of practical significance betweenreported test results for two or more laboratories, comparativetests should be performed to determine if there is a statisticalbias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As aminimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible,drawn fr
26、om the material from which the disparate test resultswere obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers toeach laboratory for testing. The test results from the twolaboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testingseries.
27、If bias is found, either its cause must be found andcorrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consider-ation of the known bias.6. Apparatus6.1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasive Machine,4(shown asFig. 1) consisting of the following:6.1.1 Oscillating Cylinder Section, equipped with edgeclamps
28、to permit mounting of a sheet of abrasive material overits surface, capable of oscillating through an arc of 76 6 2mm(3 6 0.1 in.) at the rate of 90 6 1 cycles (double rub) per min.6.1.2 Four Specimen Holding Arms, to permit testing ofseveral specimens sumultaneously; each arm having a set ofcontrol
29、led tension clamps with the forward clamp attached to aforce scaled tension bar, and a controlled pressure pad attachedto a force scaled pressure bar.6.1.3 Calibrated Mass (340 g), that slides on the tension barand attached on each arm forward clamp to adjust tension tothe specimen in increments of
30、4.45 N (1 lbf) up to a total of26.7 N (6 lbf).6.1.4 Thumb Screw, that butts against the rear clamp of eacharm to provide slack take-up of the specimen.6.1.5 Sponge Rubber Pressure Pad, 51 by 51 mm (2.0 by2.0 in.) with a tolerance of 62.0 mm (0.1 in.) shaped to thecylinder surface and fitted to the p
31、ressure bar.6.1.6 Calibrated Mass (150 g), that slides on the pressurebar and attached on each pressure pad to adjust and applypressure to the specimen in increments of 4.45 N (1 lbf) up toa total of 15.575 N (3.5 lbf).6.1.7 Two Slotted Vacuum Pipes, suspended over the cylin-der drum to remove lint
32、and dust particles.6.1.8 Automatic Cycle Counter, with set and stop mecha-nism to record the number of cycles (double rubs) and stop themachine at a predetermined number of cycles.6.2 Abradant:6.2.1 Cotton Duck # 10, with the following characteristics:NOTE 2Apparatus and accessories are commercially
33、 available.6.2.1.1 Mass/Unit Area500 6 25 g/m2(14 to 15.8 oz/yd2).6.2.1.2 Weave Typeplain weave.6.2.1.3 Fabric Count41 6 1 end/in. 28 6 1 pick/in.6.2.1.4 Yarn Size7/2 cotton count 6 1 in both warp andfilling.6.2.1.5 Air Permeabilityless than 4 cfm.6.2.1.6 Finishloom state; no warp size.6.2.2 Atwo pi
34、ece laminated screen assembly measuring 241 305 mm (9.5 12.0 in.) with a tolerance of 62.5 mm (0.1in.).6.2.2.1 The outer screen, which comes in contact with thespecimen, is a 50 70 stainless steel wire mesh made with a0.19 mm (0.0075 in.) diameter wire. There are 50 wires perinch, which run perpendi
35、cular to the long axis of the test4Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.D4157 132specimen, and 70 wires per inch that run parallel to the longaxis of the test specimen.6.2.2.2 The inner screen, which comes in contact with thedrum, is a 16 16 stainless steel wire mesh made with 0.28mm
36、 (0.011 in.) diameter wire. There are 16 wires per inch inboth directions.6.2.2.3 The two wire mesh screens are stapled togetheralong the long edges so that the staples do not interfere with theclamping mechanism that holds the screen assembly in place.6.2.3 Grit Sandpaper, to refurbish rubber pads.
37、6.2.4 Nylon Brush, medium brisstle, or equivalent.6.2.5 Mild Household Detergent Solution.6.2.6 Air Supply, with regulated nozzle.6.2.7 Digital Force Gage.7. Sampling7.1 Take a lot sample as directed in the applicable materialspecification, or as agreed upon between the purchaser andseller. In the a
38、bsence of such a specification or otheragreement, take a laboratory sample as directed in 7.2.7.2 Take a laboratory sample from each roll or piece offabric in the lot sample. The laboratory sample should be fullwidth and at least 50 cm (approximately 20 in.) long andshould not be taken any closer to
39、 the end of the roll or piece offabric than1m(1yd). Consider rolls or pieces of fabric to bethe primary sampling unit.7.3 Take a laboratory sampling unit from each roll or pieceof fabric in the lot sample that is full width and at least 50 cmFIG. 1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasion TesterD4157 133(20 in
40、.) long and not taken any closer to the end of the roll orpiece of fabric than1m(1yd).7.4 Sample shipment of garments as agreed upon betweenpurchaser and seller.8. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens8.1 In the absence of any applicable material specifications,take 12 specimens, 6 warp (machine
41、direction) and 6 filling,(across machine direction) from each sample to be tested.8.2 Preparation of Specimens:8.2.1 Cut the test specimens 73 mm (278 in.) by 245 mm(958 in.). Specimens should be cut with flares or wings. Thelong dimensions are cut parallel to the warp yarns for warpwise(machine dir
42、ection) abrasion and parallel to the filling yarns forfilling-wise (cross-machine direction) abrasion. For wovenfabrics do not cut two warp specimens from the same warpyarns or two filling specimens from the same filling yarns. Ifthe fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens are repre-sentativ
43、e sampling of the pattern.8.2.2 Cut test specimens both in the length and widthwisedirections of the fabric. Cut specimens representing a broaddistribution diagonally across the length and the width of thefabric.8.2.3 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases orwrinkles. Take no specimens within 1
44、0 % of the selvage.8.2.4 If the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimensare a representative sampling of the pattern.8.2.5 Seal edges when requred to prevent raveling. Thespecimen edges may be sealed by use of rubber blue or bysewing using the stitch described in Test Method D5034.9. Conditio
45、ning9.1 For the tests made as described, precondition the speci-mens by bringing them to approximate moisture equilibrium inthe standard atmosphere for preconditioning, then bring thespecimens to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standardatmosphere for testing. Equilibrium is considered to hav
46、e beenreached when the increase in weight of the specimen insuccessive weightings made at intervals of not less than 2 hdoes not exceed 0.1 % of the weight of the specimen.10. Preparation, Maintenance, and Calibration of TestApparatus10.1 Prepare and verify calibration of the abrasion testerusing di
47、rections supplied by the manufacturer.10.2 Verify that the rubber pads extend below their holders.10.3 Verify that the entire lower surface of the rubber pad isin contact with the cylinder section, and that no space isobserved. If space(s) are observed, reshape the lower padsurface as directed. Pads
48、 should be changed at least once ayear.10.3.1 If wire screen abradant is used, remove and cleanwith the nylon brush. Clean cylinder. Insert and clamp 50 gritsand paper to the cylinder. Remove all pressure from the padand lock the specimen holding arm in position. Run the testerin 50 cycle increments
49、. Inspect for spaces between the lowersurface of the pad and the cylinder after each 50 cycles.Continue until the entire surface of the pad conforms to theshape of the cylinder section. The wear pattern on the sandpaper can assist in determining conformance.10.4 At lease on a weekly schedule: clean surface of thecylinder section and the steel screen by brushing and then usingthe mild detergent solution. Clean out vacuum system. Inspectthe pads for wear and refurbish as directed in 10.3.1 asrequired.10.5 After each test: brush the rubber pads to remove anyloose f
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