1、Designation: D 4158 01Standard Guide forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the determination of the resist
3、ance toabrasion of a wide range of textile materials using the uniformabrasion testing instrument. Fabrics of all types includingcarpets, garments and nonwovens may be tested under thismethod.NOTE 1Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance oftextile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D
4、3884, D 3885, D 3886,D 4157, D 4966, and AATCC Test Method 93.1.1.1 Provisions are provided for testing specimens in dryand wet conditions. Four options for evaluation are included:Option 1Fabric RuptureOption 2Mass LossOption 3Thickness LossOption 4Breaking Strength Loss1.1.2 Provision is provided
5、for testing specimens in the wetstate.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be
6、 used independently of the other. Combin-ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the specification.1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropr
7、iate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for TestingD 3884 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (R
8、otary Platform, Double Head Method)D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder M
9、ethod)D 4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)3D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)2.2 Other Documents:AATCC Test Method 93, Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics:Accelerator Method43. Terminology3.1 De
10、finitions:3.1.1 abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of amaterial by rubbing against another surface.3.1.2 abrasion cycle, none complete movement of anabradant across the surfaces of a material being abraded.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe complete movement for an abra-sion cycle is dependent on the action
11、 of the abrasion machineand the test method used. It may consist of one back and forthnondirectional movement, or one circular movement, or acombination of both. For the uniform abrasion method, onecycle is one circular movement or rotation as noted on itscounter.3.1.3 rotation, none count on the co
12、unter which isroughly equivalent to one cycle.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in these methods,refer to Terminology D 123.4. Summary of Test4.1 A specimen is mounted in a holder and abraded uni-formly in all directions in the plane and about every point ofthe surface of the specimen. The set
13、tings of the instrument,method of mounting specimens, conditions of test (conditioned1This method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2001. Published May 20
14、01. Originallypublished as D 4158 82. Last previous edition D 4158 92.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
15、 website.3Discontinued- See 2000 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Vol 07.02.4Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unit
16、ed States.or wet), and criteria to be used in evaluating abrasive wear inthe test, depend upon the nature of the specimen to be testedand the use to be made of the test results. Abrasion resistancefor wear is evaluated by one or more conditions of destruction,a defined surface damage, loss in the ma
17、ss, strength orthickness of test specimens, or by increased weakness in thesample as shown by a subsequent test by another method,depending on the material or its intended use.5. Significance and Use5.1 The resistance to abrasion of textile materials is affectedby many factors in a complex manner. T
18、he results obtainedfrom the use of this instrument assist in evaluating these factorsrelative to the wear serviceability of the final textile product inspecific end uses. The resistance to abrasion is affected bymany factors that include the inherent mechanical properties ofthe fibers; the dimension
19、s of the fibers; the structure of theyarns; the construction of the fabrics; the type, kind, amount oftreatment added to the fibers, yarns or fabric; the nature of theabradant; the tension on the specimen; the pressure between thespecimen and the abradant; and the dimensional changes in thespecimen.
20、 Experience has shown in many instances, thatrelative results obtained with this instrument when used on aseries of fabrics, agreed with those obtained based uponperformance in end use. However, caution is advised becauseanomalous results may occur due to uncontrolled factors inmanufacturing or othe
21、r processes. Specific instances have beendescribed.5,6,7,8In any event, anomalous results should bestudied to further understand the complex behavior that mayoccur as a result of abrasion that may in turn assist in thedevelopment of more durable fabrics.5.2 Testing some specimens under “wet” conditi
22、ons can addanother dimension to the evaluation of some textiles. Suchtesting under “wet” conditions can help ascertain the effect ofchanges in a fabrics resistance to abrasion when it becomeswet. This test can also increase the uniformity of the abradingaction by washing away abrasion debris and pre
23、venting thebuild up of broken fibers that can interfere with the properprogression of the tests.5.3 This test is used as a guide in evaluating textiles inquality control and in research.5.3.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or m
24、ore),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used thatare as homogenous as possible, that are drawn from thematerial from which the disparate test results were obtai
25、ned,and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. Other fabrics with established test valuesmay be used for this purpose. The test results from the twolaboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to th
26、e testingseries. If a bias is found, either a cause must be found andcorrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consider-ation of the known bias.5.4 This test is unique and is significantly different from anyother existing abrading test.5.5 This test method may also be used as a technique
27、 forpretreating material for subsequent testing. For example, apredetermined number of abrasion cycles at specified testconditions may be performed on a series of specimens, whichare then subjected to a strength or barrier performance test.5.6 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-s
28、ured by this guide does not include all the factors whichaccount for wear performance or durability in actual use. Whilethe “abrasion resistance” stated in terms of the number ofcycles and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstanddeterioration or wearing out in use, including the effects ofa
29、brasion) are frequently related. The relationship varies withdifferent end uses, and different factors may be necessary inany calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasiondata.5.6.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication ofrelative end-use suitability in cases where the diffe
30、rence inabrasion resistance of various materials is large, but theyshould not be relied upon for prediction of performance duringactual wear life for specific end uses unless there are datashowing the specific relationship between laboratory abrasiontests and actual wear in the intended end use.5.7
31、The pressure and tension used is varied, depending onthe mass and nature of the material and the end use application.Whenever possible all materials that are to be compared witheach other should be tested under the same pressure andtension.5.8 When abrasion tests are continued to total destruction,a
32、brasion resistance comparisons are not practical for fabricshave a different mass because the change in abrasion resistanceis not directly proportional to the change in the fabric mass.5.9 All the test methods and instruments that have beendeveloped for abrasion resistance may show a high degree ofv
33、ariability in results obtained by different operators and indifferent laboratories; however, they represent the methodsmost widely used in the industry. Because there is a definiteneed for measuring the relative resistance to abrasion, this isone of the several standardized guides and methods that i
34、suseful to help minimize the inherent variation in results thatmay occur.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 The Uniform Abrasion Tester9, shown in Figs. 1 and 2,consists of an abrading mechanism, specimen supporting5Schiefer, H. F. and Krasny, J. F., “Note on the Disintegration of Wool inAbrasion Tests,”
35、 Textile Research Journal , Vol 19, January 1950, pp. 802809;Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol 44, January 1950, pp. 914(Research Paper RP 2054).6Schiefer, H. F., Crean, L. E. and Krasny, J. F. “Improved Single-Unit SchieferAbrasion Testing Machine,” Journal of Research , Nat. Bureau S
36、tandards, Vol 42,May, 1949, pp. 259269. ASTM Bulletin, No. 159, July 1949, pp. 7378 (TP133).7Schiefer, H. F., “Solution of Problem Producing Uniform Abrasion and itsApplication to the Testing Machine,” Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau of StandardVol. 39, July 1947 (Research Paper R1807).8Schiefer, H
37、. F., and Werntz, C. W., “Interpretation of Tests for Resistance toAbrasion of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal, Vol XXII No. 1, January 1952.9A suitable tester is the Schiefer Uniform Abrasion Tester manufactured by theFrazier Precision Instrument Co., Inc., 925 Sweeney Drive, Hagerstown, Maryla
38、nd21740.D4158012mechanism, and driving mechanism. Essentially, the surface ofthe abradant lies in a plane parallel to the surface supportingthe specimen and presses upon the specimen. The abradant andspecimen rotate in the same direction at very nearly but notquite the same angular velocity (250 rpm
39、) on noncoaxial axeswhich are parallel to within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.).6.1.1 The small difference in speed is to permit each part ofthe specimen to come in contact with a different part of theabradant at each rotation. Each rotation is equivalent to onecycle.6.1.2 The abrading mechanism consists of
40、 the abradantmounted at the lower end of a shaft, weights placed on theupper end of the shaft to produce constant pressure betweenabradant and specimen throughout the test, lever and cam forraising and lowering the abradant, shaft, and weights. Acounterweight for balancing the abradant and abradant
41、shaft isneeded when tests are to be carried out at low pressure.6.1.2.1 Weights, in increments of 500 g (1 lb) that arecapable of providing up to a total of 5 kg (10 lb) to thespecimen in pressure. Individual weight tolerances are 61%.6.1.3 The specimen-supporting mechanism provides fortension mount
42、ing of thinner, more flexible materials and rigidmounting of thick, stiff materials. For the first, a plasticpressure foot 12.5, 25, 31, 38, or 50 mm (12 ,1,114 ,112 ,or2 in.) in diameter, as prescribed, shall be mounted at the upperend of the specimen shaft to fix the area of the specimen to beabra
43、ded. A conical clamp seat, fitted to the shaft, rotates with itbut is free to move vertically on the shaft. A cam is providedfor raising and lowering the clamp seat. The specimen clampshown unassembled in Fig. 3 fits on the seat (C, Fig. 3) and canbe fastened to it by merely rotating it slightly to
44、engage the twopins in the slots. The clamp and specimen assembly can beremoved quickly for examining the specimen and measuringthe wear and returned to the machine without unclamping thespecimen. When the clamp seat is lowered by turning the cam,the combined mass of the clamp seat and specimen clamp
45、 issuspended by the specimen over the presser foot. This placesthe specimen under constant tension throughout the test withtake-up of any stretch in the specimen. Different tensions maybe applied to the specimen by changing the mass of the clampseat, for example, by adding auxiliary weights as in 6.
46、1.2.1. Forrigid mounting of thick, stiff fabrics such as carpeting andsome felts use the specimen clamp and mounting aids shown inFig. 4. Screw the assembly onto the specimen shaft in place ofthe presser foot and specimen clamp seat (E, Fig. 2).6.1.4 The driving mechanism consists of a motor-drivena
47、uxiliary drive shaft connected to the abradant shaft andspecimen shaft by spur gears.6.1.5 The instrument shall be equipped with ( 1) a counter(G, Fig. 2) resettable to indicate the number of rotations in atest; (2) a sensitive microswitch (H, Fig. 2) to stop the machineautomatically when a tension-
48、suspended specimen is wornthrough. A thickness gage (I, Fig. 2), when specified, isavailable to measure changes in thickness of the specimenduring the test.6.1.5.1 Alternately the instrument may be equipped with aprogrammable counter that will stop the instrument uponreaching a preset number of rota
49、tions.6.1.6 AbradantShall be sufficiently greater in diameterthan the specimen supporting the surface that the latter liesentirely inside the periphery of the abradant during a test. Aspring steel blade abradant (B, Fig. 3), which is essentiallyconstant in its action for a long period of use, shall be used forwoven, felted, pile, and knitted fabrics and a cross-cut tungstentool steel blade abradant (A, Fig. 3) for coated fabrics, unlessotherwise specified in the material specification.6.1.6.1 Abrasion tests are subject to variations due tochanges in the abradant du
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