1、Designation: D4158 08 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Guide forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the determi
3、nation of the resistance toabrasion of a wide range of textile materials using the uniformabrasion testing instrument. Fabrics of all types includingcarpets, garments and nonwovens may be tested under thismethod.NOTE 1Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance oftextile fabrics are given
4、 in: Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157,D4966, and AATCC Test Method 93.1.1.1 Provisions are provided for testing specimens in dryand wet conditions. Four options for evaluation are included:Option 1Fabric RuptureOption 2Mass LossOption 3Thickness LossOption 4Breaking Strength Loss1.1.2 Provisi
5、on is provided for testing specimens in the wetstate.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text,the inch-pound units are shown in parentheses. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each
6、system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith the specification.1.3 This guide does not purport to address all of the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to es
7、tablish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabr
8、ics(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder
9、 Method)D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Strip Method)2.2 Other Documents:AATCC Test Method 93 Abrasion Res
10、istance of Fabrics:Accelerator Method33. Terminology3.1 For all terms relating to D13.60, Fabric Test Methods,Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:abrasion, abrasion cycle, rotation.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-n
11、ology D123.4. Summary of Test4.1 A specimen is mounted in a holder and abraded uni-formly in all directions in the plane and about every point ofthe surface of the specimen. The settings of the instrument,method of mounting specimens, conditions of test (conditionedor wet), and criteria to be used i
12、n evaluating abrasive wear inthe test, depend upon the nature of the specimen to be testedand the use to be made of the test results. Abrasion resistancefor wear is evaluated by one or more conditions of destruction,a defined surface damage, loss in the mass, strength orthickness of test specimens,
13、or by increased weakness in the1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1982. Last previous edition
14、approved in 2012 as D4158 08 (2012). DOI:10.1520/D4158-08R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.
15、3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1sample as shown by a subsequent test
16、by another method,depending on the material or its intended use.5. Significance and Use5.1 The resistance to abrasion of textile materials is affectedby many factors in a complex manner. The results obtainedfrom the use of this instrument assist in evaluating these factorsrelative to the wear servic
17、eability of the final textile product inspecific end uses. The resistance to abrasion is affected bymany factors that include the inherent mechanical properties ofthe fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of theyarns; the construction of the fabrics; the type, kind, amount oftreatment
18、added to the fibers, yarns or fabric; the nature of theabradant; the tension on the specimen; the pressure between thespecimen and the abradant; and the dimensional changes in thespecimen. Experience has shown in many instances, thatrelative results obtained with this instrument when used on aseries
19、 of fabrics, agreed with those obtained based uponperformance in end use. However, caution is advised becauseanomalous results may occur due to uncontrolled factors inmanufacturing or other processes. Specific instances have beendescribed.4,5,6,7In any event, anomalous results should bestudied to fu
20、rther understand the complex behavior that mayoccur as a result of abrasion that may in turn assist in thedevelopment of more durable fabrics.5.2 Testing some specimens under “wet” conditions can addanother dimension to the evaluation of some textiles. Suchtesting under “wet” conditions can help asc
21、ertain the effect ofchanges in a fabrics resistance to abrasion when it becomeswet. This test can also increase the uniformity of the abradingaction by washing away abrasion debris and preventing thebuild up of broken fibers that can interfere with the properprogression of the tests.5.3 This test is
22、 used as a guide in evaluating textiles inquality control and in research.5.3.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using compet
23、ent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used thatare as homogenous as possible, that are drawn from thematerial from which the disparate test results were obtained,and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to eachlaboratory for testing. Other fabrics with establishe
24、d test valuesmay be used for this purpose. The test results from the twolaboratories should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testingseries. If a bias is found, either a cause must be found andcorrected, or future test results must be a
25、djusted in consider-ation of the known bias.5.4 This test is unique and is significantly different from anyother existing abrading test.5.5 This guide may also be used as a technique for pretreat-ing material for subsequent testing. For example, a predeter-mined number of abrasion cycles at specifie
26、d test conditionsmay be performed on a series of specimens, which are thensubjected to a strength or barrier performance test.5.6 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured by this guide does not include all the factors whichaccount for wear performance or durability in actual use.
27、 Whilethe “abrasion resistance” stated in terms of the number ofcycles and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstanddeterioration or wearing out in use, including the effects ofabrasion) are frequently related. The relationship varies withdifferent end uses, and different factors may be nece
28、ssary inany calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasiondata.5.6.1 Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication ofrelative end-use suitability in cases where the difference inabrasion resistance of various materials is large, but theyshould not be relied upon for prediction of per
29、formance duringactual wear life for specific end uses unless there are datashowing the specific relationship between laboratory abrasiontests and actual wear in the intended end use.5.7 The pressure and tension used is varied, depending onthe mass and nature of the material and the end use applicati
30、on.Whenever possible all materials that are to be compared witheach other should be tested under the same pressure andtension.5.8 When abrasion tests are continued to total destruction,abrasion resistance comparisons are not practical for fabricshave a different mass because the change in abrasion r
31、esistanceis not directly proportional to the change in the fabric mass.5.9 All the guides and instruments that have been developedfor abrasion resistance may show a high degree of variability inresults obtained by different operators and in different labora-tories; however, they represent the method
32、s most widely usedin the industry. Because there is a definite need for measuringthe relative resistance to abrasion, this is one of the severalstandardized guides and methods that is useful to help mini-mize the inherent variation in results that may occur.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 The Uniform
33、Abrasion Tester8, shown in Figs. 1 and 2,consists of an abrading mechanism, specimen supportingmechanism, and driving mechanism. Essentially, the surface ofthe abradant lies in a plane parallel to the surface supportingthe specimen and presses upon the specimen. The abradant andspecimen rotate in th
34、e same direction at very nearly but notquite the same angular velocity (250 rpm) on noncoaxial axeswhich are parallel to within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.).4Schiefer, H. F. and Krasny, J. F., “Note on the Disintegration of Wool inAbrasion Tests,” Textile Research Journal , Vol 19, January 1950, pp. 80280
35、9;Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol 44, January 1950, pp. 914(Research Paper RP 2054).5Schiefer, H. F., Crean, L. E. and Krasny, J. F. “Improved Single-Unit SchieferAbrasion Testing Machine,” Journal of Research , Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol 42,May, 1949, pp. 259269. ASTM Bulletin, No.
36、159, July 1949, pp. 7378 (TP133).6Schiefer, H. F., “Solution of Problem Producing Uniform Abrasion and itsApplication to the Testing Machine,” Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau of StandardVol. 39, July 1947 (Research Paper R1807).7Schiefer, H. F., and Werntz, C. W., “Interpretation of Tests for Resis
37、tance toAbrasion of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal, Vol XXII No. 1, January 1952.8Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.D4158 08 (2016)26.1.1 The small difference in speed is to permit each part ofthe specimen to come in contact with a different part of theabradant at each rotati
38、on. Each rotation is equivalent to onecycle.6.1.2 The abrading mechanism consists of the abradantmounted at the lower end of a shaft, weights placed on theupper end of the shaft to produce constant pressure betweenabradant and specimen throughout the test, lever and cam forraising and lowering the a
39、bradant, shaft, and weights. Acounterweight for balancing the abradant and abradant shaft isneeded when tests are to be carried out at low pressure.6.1.2.1 Weights, in increments of 500 g (1 lb) that arecapable of providing up to a total of 5 kg (10 lb) to thespecimen in pressure. Individual weight
40、tolerances are 61%.6.1.3 The specimen-supporting mechanism provides fortension mounting of thinner, more flexible materials and rigidmounting of thick, stiff materials. For the first, a plasticpressure foot 12.5, 25, 31, 38, or 50 mm (12,1,114,112,or2in.) in diameter, as prescribed, shall be mounted
41、 at the upperend of the specimen shaft to fix the area of the specimen to beabraded. A conical clamp seat, fitted to the shaft, rotates with itbut is free to move vertically on the shaft. A cam is providedfor raising and lowering the clamp seat. The specimen clampshown unassembled in Fig. 3 fits on
42、the seat (C, Fig. 3) and canbe fastened to it by merely rotating it slightly to engage the twopins in the slots. The clamp and specimen assembly can beremoved quickly for examining the specimen and measuringthe wear and returned to the machine without unclamping thespecimen. When the clamp seat is l
43、owered by turning the cam,the combined mass of the clamp seat and specimen clamp issuspended by the specimen over the presser foot. This placesthe specimen under constant tension throughout the test withtake-up of any stretch in the specimen. Different tensions maybe applied to the specimen by chang
44、ing the mass of the clampseat, for example, by adding auxiliary weights as in 6.1.2.1. Forrigid mounting of thick, stiff fabrics such as carpeting andsome felts use the specimen clamp and mounting aids shown inFig. 4. Screw the assembly onto the specimen shaft in place ofthe presser foot and specime
45、n clamp seat (E, Fig. 2).6.1.4 The driving mechanism consists of a motor-drivenauxiliary drive shaft connected to the abradant shaft andspecimen shaft by spur gears.6.1.5 The instrument shall be equipped with (1) a counter(G, Fig. 2) resettable to indicate the number of rotations in atest; (2) a sen
46、sitive microswitch (H, Fig. 2) to stop the machineautomatically when a tension-suspended specimen is wornthrough. A thickness gage (I, Fig. 2), when specified, isavailable to measure changes in thickness of the specimenduring the test.6.1.5.1 Alternately the instrument may be equipped with aprogramm
47、able counter that will stop the instrument uponreaching a preset number of rotations.6.1.6 AbradantShall be sufficiently greater in diameterthan the specimen supporting the surface that the latter liesentirely inside the periphery of the abradant during a test. Aspring steel blade abradant (B, Fig.
48、3), which is essentiallyconstant in its action for a long period of use, shall be used forwoven, felted, pile, and knitted fabrics and a cross-cut tungstentool steel blade abradant (A, Fig. 3) for coated fabrics, unlessotherwise specified in the material specification.6.1.6.1 Abrasion tests are subj
49、ect to variations due tochanges in the abradant during specific tests. The spring steelblade abradant and the cross-cut tungsten tool steel bladeabradant are considered permanent abradants that have ahardened metal surface. It is assumed that the abradant will notchange appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviouslysimilar abradants used in different laboratories will not likelychange at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanentabradants may also change due to pick-up of treatments orother material from test fabrics and must accordingly becleaned
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