1、Designation: D4169 14D4169 16Standard Practice forPerformance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4169; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice provides a uniform
3、 basis of evaluating, in a laboratory, the ability of shipping units to withstand the distributionenvironment. This is accomplished by subjecting them to a test plan consisting of a sequence of anticipated hazard elementsencountered in various distribution cycles. This practice is not intended to su
4、pplant material specifications or existing preshipmenttest procedures.1.2 Consider the use of Practice D7386 for testing of packages for single parcel shipments.1.3 The suitability of this practice for use with hazardous materials has not been determined.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are
5、 to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibil
6、ityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit L
7、oadsD880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and SystemsD951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Containers by Spray MethodD996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping ContainersD4003 Test Methods for Progr
8、ammable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for TestingD4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping ContainersD5265 Test Method for Bridge Impact TestingD5276 Test Method for Drop Test o
9、f Loaded Containers by Free FallD5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact TesterD5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Containers by Shock MachinesD6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD61
10、79 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and CratesD6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport PackagesD6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum MethodD7386 Practice for Performance Testing of Packa
11、ges for Single Parcel Delivery SystemsF1327 Terminology Relating to Barrier Materials for Medical Packaging (Withdrawn 2007)31 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystems - Applic
12、ation of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014April 1, 2016. Published December 2014June 2016. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 asD4169 09.D4169 14. DOI: 10.1520/D4169-14.10.1520/D4169-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM we
13、bsite, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an
14、 ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. I
15、n all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Mi
16、litary Standards:4MIL-STD-810F Environmental Test MethodsMIL-STD-20731 DOD Standard Practice for Military Packaging2.3 Association of American Railroads Standards:5General Information Bulletin No. 2 Rules and Procedures for Testing of New Loading and Bracing Methods or Materials3. Terminology3.1 Def
17、initionsGeneral definitions for the packaging and distribution environments are found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acceptance criteriathe acceptable quality level that must be met after the shipping unit has been subjected to the testplan. See Section
18、7.3.2.2 assurance levelthe level of test intensity based on its probability of occurring in a typical distribution cycle.3.2.2.1 DiscussionLevel I is a high level of test intensity and has a low probability of occurrence. Level III is a low level of test intensity, but hasa correspondingly high prob
19、ability of occurrence. Level II is between these extremes. For Distribution Cycle 18 (DC18), seeMIL-STD-20731 for definitions of military levels of protection.3.2.3 coeffcient of restitutionthe ratio of the rebound velocity to the impact velocity.3.2.4 distribution cycle (DC)the sequential listing o
20、f the test schedules employed to simulate the hazard elements expectedto occur for a specific routing of a shipping unit from production to consumption. See Table 1.3.2.5 feeder aircraftsmall, potentially non-pressurized aircraft used to transport express packages.3.2.6 hazard elementa specific even
21、t that occurs in a distribution cycle that may pose a hazard to a shipping unit. The elementwill usually be simulated by a single test schedule. See Section 9.3.2.7 shipping unitthe smallest complete unit that will be subjected to the distribution environment, for example, a shippingcontainer and it
22、s contents.3.2.7.1 small shipping unitfor DC-18, a small shipping unit is defined as one having no edge dimension or diameter over 60in. (1.52 m) and a gross weight of 100 lb (45 kg) or less.3.2.7.2 large shipping unitfor DC-18, a large shipping unit is defined as one having at least one edge dimens
23、ion or diameterover 60 in. (1.52 m) or a gross weight in excess of 100 lb (45 kg), or it is one that has a gross weight exceeding 100 lb (45 kg)and is secured to a base or to the base of a shipping unit.3.2.8 test plana specific listing of the test sequence to be followed to simulate the hazards ant
24、icipated during the distributioncycle of a shipping unit. Included will be the test intensity and number of sequential tests to be conducted. See 8.5.3.2.9 test schedulethe specific procedure to be used, including the three assurance level intensities, and a reference to the testmethod that is the b
25、asis of the schedule.3.2.9.1 DiscussionThe purpose of the schedule is to simulate the forces occurring during any hazard element of the distribution cycle. See Section9.3.2.10 total velocity change, (V)the sum of the impact and rebound velocities.3.3 Abbreviations:3.3.1 TOFCtrailer on flatcar.3.3.2
26、COFCcontainer on flatcar.3.3.3 TLtruckload.3.3.4 CLcarload.3.3.5 LTLless than truckload.4 Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.5 Available from Association of American Railroads (AAR)
27、, 425 Third St., SW, Washington, DC 20024, http:/www.aar.org.D4169 162TABLE 1 Distribution CyclesPerformance Test Schedule Sequence(see Section 9 for Test Schedule definition)DC Distribution Cycle First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh1 General Cycleundefined distributionsystemScheduleAHandli
28、ngSchedule D StackedVibrationSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule GRailSwitchingSchedule JConcentratedImpactSchedule AHandling2 Specially defined distribution system,user specified (see Appendix X2)select from Schedules A through I3 Single package without pallet or skid,LTL motor freightScheduleAHa
29、ndlingManualSchedule D StackedVibration ORSchedule C VehicleStacking plusSchedule E VehicleVibrationSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule JConcentratedImpactSchedule AHandlingManual. . .4 Single package with pallet or skid,LTL motor freightScheduleAHandlingMechanicalSchedule D StackedVibration ORSch
30、edule C VehicleStacking plusSchedule E VehicleVibrationSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule JConcentratedImpactSchedule AHandlingMechanical. . .5 Motor freight, TL, not unitized ScheduleAHandlingSchedule D StackedVibrationSchedule EVehicleVibrationSchedule JConcentratedImpactSchedule AHandling. . .
31、6 Motor freight, TL, or LTLunitized ScheduleAHandlingSchedule D StackedVibration ORSchedule C VehicleStacking plusSchedule E VehicleVibrationSchedule JConcentratedImpactSchedule AHandlingSchedule BWarehouseStacking. . .7 Rail only, bulk loaded ScheduleAHandlingSchedule D StackedVibrationSchedule GRa
32、ilSwitchingSchedule AHandling. . . . . .8 Rail only, unitized ScheduleAHandlingSchedule D StackedVibrationSchedule GRailSwitchingSchedule AHandlingSchedule BWarehouseStacking. . .9 Rail and motor freight, not unitized ScheduleAHandlingSchedule C VehicleStackingSchedule EVehicleVibrationSchedule GRai
33、lSwitchingSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule JConcentratedImpactSchedule AHandling10 Rail and motor freight, unitized ScheduleAHandlingSchedule D StackedVibrationSchedule GRailSwitchingSchedule JConcentratedImpactSchedule AHandlingSchedule BWarehouseStacking11 Rail, TOFC and COFC ScheduleAHandlin
34、gSchedule G RailSwitchingSchedule DStackedVibrationSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule AHandling. . .12 Air (intercity) and motor freight (local),over 150 lb (68.1 kg), or unitizedScheduleAHandlingSchedule D StackedVibrationSchedule ILowPressureASchedule EVehicleVibrationSchedule JConcentratedImpa
35、ctSchedule AHandling13 Air (intercity) and motor freight (local,single package up to 150 lb (61.8 kg).Consider using Practice D7386for single parcel carrier shipments.ScheduleA Han-dlingSchedule C VehicleStackingSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule ILow Pres-sureASchedule EVehicle Vi-brationSchedul
36、e JConcen-trated Im-pactSchedule AHandling13 Air (intercity) and motor freight (local,single package up to 150 lb (61.8 kg).Consider using Practice D7386for single parcel carrier shipments.ScheduleA Han-dlingSchedule C VehicleStackingSchedule FLoose-LoadVibrationSchedule ILow Pres-sureASchedule EVeh
37、icle Vi-brationSchedule JConcen-trated Im-pactSchedule AHandling14 Warehousing (partial cycle to be added toother cycles as needed)ScheduleA Han-dlingSchedule B Ware-house Stacking. . . . . . . . . . . .D4169 1634. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides a guide for the evaluation of shipping
38、 units in accordance with a uniform system, using establishedtest methods at levels representative of those occurring in actual distribution. The recommended test levels are based on availableinformation on the shipping and handling environment, and current industry/government practice and experienc
39、e (1-13).6 The testsshould be performed sequentially on the same containers in the order given. For use as a performance test, this practice requiresthat the shipping unit tested remain unopened until the sequence of tests are completed. If used for other purposes, such as packagedevelopment, it may
40、 be useful to open and inspect shipping units at various times throughout the sequence. This may, however,prohibit evaluating the influence of the container closure on container performance.4.2 For Distribution Cycle 18, as referred to in MIL-STD-20731, the use of this practice is defined in subsequ
41、ent sectionsidentified as DC-18.5. Test Specimen5.1 Test specimens consist of representative samples of complete shipping units, including actual contents. Products withblemishes or minor defects may be used if the defective component is not to be studied by the test and if the defect is documentedi
42、n the report. Dummy test loads are acceptable if testing the actual product might be hazardous. If a dummy load is used, it shouldbe instrumented to determine if the fragility level of the actual product has been exceeded. Take care to duplicate the loadcharacteristics of the actual product, and avo
43、id unnecessary prehandling.5.2 Care must be taken to ensure that no degradation has occurred to either the product or the package if the test packages havebeen shipped to the test site. If any doubt exists as to the condition of the package, repack the product in new packaging materialbefore testing
44、.5.3 The number of test replications depends on the desired objectives of the testing and the availability of duplicate productsand shipping containers. Replicate testing is recommended to improve the reliability of the test results.6 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references
45、 at the end of this practice.TABLE 1 ContinuedPerformance Test Schedule Sequence(see Section 9 for Test Schedule definition)DC Distribution Cycle First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh15 Export/Import shipment for intermodalcontainer or roll on/roll off trailer (partialcycle to be added to ot
46、her cycles asneeded)ScheduleAHandlingSchedule C VehicleStackingSchedule AHandling. . . . . . . . .15 Export/Import shipment for intermodalcontainer or roll on/roll off trailer (partialcycle to be added to other cycles asneeded)ScheduleAHandlingSchedule C VehicleStackingSchedule AHandling. . . . . .
47、. . .16 Export/Import shipment for palletized cargoship (partial cycle to be added toother cycles as needed)ScheduleAHandlingSchedule C VehicleStackingSchedule AHandling. . . . . . . . .16 Export/Import shipment for palletized cargoship (partial cycle to be added toother cycles as needed)ScheduleAHa
48、ndlingSchedule C VehicleStackingSchedule AHandling. . . . . . . . .17 Export/Import shipment for break bulkcargo ship (partial cycle to be addedto othercycles as needed)ScheduleAHandlingSchedule C VehicleStackingSchedule AHandling. . . . . . . . .17 Export/Import shipment for break bulkcargo ship (p
49、artial cycle to be addedto othercycles as needed)ScheduleAHandlingSchedule C VehicleStackingSchedule AHandling. . . . . . . . .18 Non-Commercial Government shipmentsper MIL-STD-2073-1 Refer to Annex A1 for Test Schedules applying to DC-18.A This high altitude, non-pressurized transport simulation test may be deleted from this distribution cycle when testing shipping units that contain primary packages thathave a porous material.D4169 1646. Conditioning6.1 If the distribution cycle contains climatic conditions that have an effect on the perfo
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