1、Designation: D 4170 97 (Reapproved 2002)e1An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Greases1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4170; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEWarning statements were moved from notes into text editorially in March 2003.1. Scope1.1 Th
3、is test method evaluates the fretting wear protectionprovided by lubricating greases.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Other units are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
4、is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, See 7.2, 7.3, 7.3.1, and 9.2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:Test Methods for Rati
5、ng Motor, Diesel, and Aviation Fuels;Motor Fuels (Section I), Reference Materials and BlendingAccessories (Annex 2), Reference Fuels (A2.7.3.3), andTable 32 (Specification for n-Heptane Motor Fuel)22.2 Military Standard:3MIL-S-22473D Sealing, Locking and Retaining Com-pounds, Single-Component3. Term
6、inology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fretting wear, na form of attritive wear caused byvibratory or oscillatory motion of limited amplitude character-ized by the removal of finely-divided particles from therubbing surfaces.43.1.1.1 DiscussionAir can cause immediate local oxida-tion of the wear particles pro
7、duced by fretting wear. Inaddition, environmental moisture or humidity can hydrate theoxidation product. In the case of ferrous metals, the oxidizedwear debris is abrasive iron oxide (Fe2O3) having the appear-ance of rust, which gives rise to the nearly synonymous terms,fretting corrosion and fricti
8、on oxidation. A related, but some-what different phenomenon often accompanies fretting wear.False brinelling is localized fretting wear that occurs when therolling elements of a bearing vibrate or oscillate with smallamplitude while pressed against the bearing race. The mecha-nism proceeds in stages
9、: (1) asperities weld, are torn apart, andform wear debris that is subsequently oxidized; (2) due to thesmall-amplitude motion, the oxidized detritus cannot readilyescape, and being abrasive, the oxidized wear debris acceler-ates the wear. As a result, wear depressions are formed in thebearing race.
10、 These depressions appear similar to the Brinelldepressions obtained with static overloading. Although falsebrinelling can occur in this test, it is not characterized as such,and instead, it is included in the determination of fretting wear.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The tester is operated with tw
11、o ball thrust bearings,lubricated with the test grease, oscillated through an arc of 0.21rad (12), at a frequency of 30.0 Hz (1800 cpm), under a loadof 2450 N (550 lbf), for 22 h at room temperature (Note 1).Fretting wear is determined by measuring the mass loss of thebearing races.NOTE 1Arc, freque
12、ncy, and load are factory-set operating conditionsand should not be altered. The load spring constant may change over anextended time period. Spring calibration should be checked periodicallyand, if necessary, a suitable shim should be fabricated to obtain therequired load (63 %) at the assembled le
13、ngth of the spring.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the property oflubricating greases to protect oscillating bearings from frettingwear. This method, used for specification purposes, differenti-ates among greases allowing low, medium, and high amountsof fretting wear
14、under the prescribed test conditions. The testhas been used to predict the fretting performance of greases inwheel bearings of passenger cars shipped long distances.5Test1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibi
15、lity of SubcommitteeD02.G0 on Lubricating Grease.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 417097.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.04.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg.
16、4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098.4NLGI Lubricating Grease Guide, 3rd edition.5Verdura, T. M., “Development of a Standard Test to Evaluate FrettingProtection Quality of Lubricating Grease,” NLGI Spokesman, Volume XLVII,Number 5, August, 1983, pp. 15767.1Copyright ASTM Intern
17、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.results do not necessarily correlate with results from othertypes of service. It is the responsibility of the user to determinewhether test results correlate with other types of service.6. Apparatus6.1 Falex
18、 Fretting Wear Tester, Model F-1581,6,7as pur-chased and illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2.6.2 Spring Guide, conforming to description in Fig. 3, if notsupplied with tester.6.3 Test Bearings,8,7of the ball thrust type having an insidediameter of 16.00 6 0.025 mm (0.630 6 0.001 in.), an outsidediameter of
19、 35.69 6 0.025 mm (1.405 + 0.001 in.), andassembled height of 15.75 6 0.25 mm (0.620 6 0.010 in.) andequipped with nine 7.142-mm (0.2812-in.) diameter balls in apressed steel retainer; all surfaces (except retainer) to beground. Different surface finishes are provided on commercialbearings. Bearings
20、 with ground surfaces are lustrous; tumbledbearings appear slightly dulled or grayish. Bearings withground races, as specified in 6.3 are required to obtain correctresults. Tumbled bearings with reground races are satisfactory.Magnification should be used to inspect the races to verify thatthey have
21、 been ground. Part-number bearings6are providedwith ground races. A drawing of the test bearing, givingcomplete, detailed dimensions and specifications is available inRR:D02-1159.96.4 Vibration Mount,8,10upon which the tester is placed.6.5 Time Switch, (optional) shown in Fig. 1 and described indeta
22、il in Fig. 4, or a commercial equivalent.6.6 Ultrasonic Cleaner.7,116.7 Analytical Balance having a capacity of about 100 gand with a minimum sensitivity of 0.1 mg.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is inte
23、nded that6Falex Fretting Wear Tester, formerly known as the Fafnir Friction OxidationTester, is available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554.7The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis listed. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, ple
24、ase provide this information toASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.8Andrews (Part No. 06X65) have been found to be satisfactory. Preparedbearings (part number F-1581-50 (formerly FL-1081), that i
25、s, with set screw flat(see 8.1), are available from Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554.9Supporting data (the results of the cooperative test program, from which thesevalues have been derived) have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters andmay be obtained by requesting Resear
26、ch Report RR: D02-1159.10Isomode Vibration control Pad No. 3451801 has been found satisfactory andis available from rubber products suppliers.11A Bransonic 2200 cleaner (Branson Ultrasonics Co., Danbury, CT 06813)having a capacity of about 3 L (34gal) operating at a frequency of about 55 kHz, witha
27、power input of about 125 W, has been found satisfactory.FIG. 1 Fafnir Friction Oxidation Tester and Time SwitchFIG. 2 Chuck and Housing AssemblyD 4170 97 (2002)e12all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Societywhere such spec
28、ifications are available.12Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 n-Heptane, reagent grade or ASTM Motor Fuel Grade 3.(WarningFlammable. Health hazard.)7.3 1,1,1
29、-Trichloroethane, reagent grade. (WarningHealth hazard.)7.3.1 A functionally equivalent solvent, may be substitutedthroughout this test method wherever 1,1,1-trichloroethane isspecified. To be functionally equivalent, the solvent must notaffect test results, clean as effectively as 1.1.1-trichloroet
30、hane,have similar volatility characteristics, leave no residue onevaporation, and contain no water or additives. (WarningIfthe functionally equivalent solvent is flammable or a healthhazard, proper precautions should be taken.)NOTE 2This test method was originally developed using chloroform,which wa
31、s subsequently replaced by 1,1,1-trichloroethane because of itslower toxicity. Since then, 1,1,1-trichloroethane was declared an OzoneDepleting Substance by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Federal regulations ban the production of this material after December 31,1995, but existing sto
32、cks may continue to be used. Currently there are noEPA restrictions on the use of chloroform, but the user should be aware ofits health hazards if it is used as a functionally equivalent solvent. Noother solvent intended as a substitute for 1.1.1-trichloroethane in this testmethod has been cooperati
33、vely evaluated.8. Bearing Preparation8.1 Grind a suitable set screw flat (approximate dimensions;8 by 4 by 0.5 mm) on the periphery of each bearing race;8flatmust be square with face to prevent cocking of races when setscrews are tightened.NOTE 3It is extremely difficult to grind the flat square wit
34、h the facewhen using a hand or bench grinder. Good results have been obtained byracking a number of bearing races in a V-block and using a surfacegrinder.8.2 Scribe suitable identification marks on the outer lands ofbearing races to distinguish races of upper bearing from racesof lower bearing. Iden
35、tification marks should not be scribed onback or periphery of the bearing race.8.3 Fill tank of ultrasonic cleaner with distilled water to adepth of 30 to 40 mm. Place two bearing sets in a 250-mLbeaker containing about 125-mL of n-heptane. Cover beakerand place in ultrasonic bath. After cleaning fo
36、r 10 to 15 min,transfer bearing parts to second beaker containing 125 mL ofn-heptane (see 7.2). Clean for 8 to 10 min, then repeatoperation for two additional 4 to 5-min washes, using newn-heptane and clean beakers each time.8.4 Place bearing parts onto freshly cleaned, glass Petridishes or aluminum
37、 moisture dishes to air dry. Bearings shouldbe propped against rim of dish to permit air circulation. Cleanbearings must not be rotated or air blown. Do not placebearings on any surface other than freshly cleaned glass ormetal. Do not touch bearings with bare hands; use forceps ortongs, or wear surg
38、eon gloves or finger cots.8.5 When bearings are dry, place dishes containing bearingsin a desiccator and let stand for a minimum of 30 min.8.6 Weigh the upper and lower bearing race pairs separatelyto the nearest 0.1 mg. (Each race pair consists of two races.)9. Procedure9.1 In a dust-free environme
39、nt, install the test grease inunused, cleaned, weighed bearings.9.1.1 Fill the ball tracks of the bearing races with the testgrease. Use a suitable spatula to strike the grease level with thebearing lands. Bearing backs and bearing seats must be keptfree of grease and particulate matter. Clean with
40、a lintfreecloth slightly moistened with n-heptane.9.1.2 Fill each ball retainer with test grease taking care to fillall the cavities around the balls on both sides of the retainer.Remove excess grease from the bore and rim of the retainer,but leave an excess of grease on the cupped side. Adjust them
41、ass of the grease in each bearing to 1.0 6 0.05 g.9.2 Assemble the chuck. Use Fig. 5 as a guide to chuckassembly. Use minimal force when tightening set screws.Locate bearing set screw flats normal to set screws. Purpose ofset screws is to prevent rotation of races in seats. To precludeovertightening
42、 set screws, grasp hex-key (Allen wrench) byshank rather than by lever arm. If set screws tend to loosenduring the test, use a low-strength anaerobic sealant (MIL-S-22473D, Grade H or similar) on the threads rather than moreforce. Bearing races must bottom on bearing seats. Bottomingcan be verified
43、by visual and tactile inspection. (WarningTight set screws, misalignment between set screws and flats, orset screw flats that are not square with the bearing face cancock the bearing upon tightening set screws, causing unevenwear. Loose set screws combined with oily or greasy bearingbacks and seats
44、could allow a poor grease to give erroneous testresults because of race creep effects.)9.2.1 Install an upper bearing race in the chuck top andtighten the set screw, using minimal force.9.2.2 Invert the chuck top and secure in a bench vise.9.2.3 Place the retainer of the upper bearing on the race in
45、the chuck top (9.2). The cupped side must be positionedupward during assembly (downward during operation).12Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, se
46、e Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 3 Spring GuideD 4170 97 (2002)e139.2.4 Install the other race of the upper bearing in theoscillating bear
47、ing seat. Using minimal force, tighten the setscrew. (With all bearing set screws oriented alike, permanentlymark the underside of the oscillating bearing seat crank arm.Thereafter, when using the same orientation for assembly thelower bearing race will always be installed in the same seat.)9.2.5 In
48、stall a lower bearing race in the oscillating bearingseat. Using minimal force tighten the set screw.9.2.6 Assemble the oscillating bearing seat on the shaft suchthat the upper bearing components are properly mated.9.2.7 Place the lower bearing retainer on the race in theoscillating bearing seat. Po
49、sition the cupped side upward.9.2.8 Install the other lower bearing race in the chuck base.Using minimal force tighten the set screw.9.2.9 Place the chuck base on the shaft.9.2.10 Assemble the spring guide, spring, load shim (ifrequired), spacer, washer, and lock nut on the shaft. Whileholding the chuck base and oscillating bearing seat to preventrotation, tighten the lock nut until the spacer bottoms on theshaft shoulder.NOTE 4Spring alignment may affect wear pattern. To ensure consis-tent spring alignment, paint a reference mark on the (cleaned) spring andthereafter
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