1、Designation: D4174 89 (Reapproved 2010)D4174 15Standard Practice forCleaning, Flushing, and Purification of Petroleum FluidHydraulic Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4174; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice covers aid for the equipment manufacturer, the installer, the oil su
3、pplier and the operator in coordinating theirefforts towards obtaining and maintaining clean petroleum fluid hydraulic systems. Of necessity, this practice is generalized dueto variations in the type of equipment, builders practices, and operating conditions. Constant vigilance is required throughou
4、t allphases of design, fabrication, installation, flushing, testing, and operation of hydraulic systems to minimize and reduce the presenceof contaminants and to obtain optimum system reliability.1.2 This practice is presented in the following sequence:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Significanc
5、e and Use 3Definitions 4Types of Contamination 5General 5.1Water 5.2Soluble Contaminants 5.3Insoluble Contaminants 5.4Lodged Contamination 5.4.2.1Suspended Contamination 5.4.2.2Contamination Control 6General 6.1Initial Filling 6.1.1In-Service Units 6.1.2Connection of Contamination Control System 6.1
6、.3Piping to Contamination Control System 6.1.4Contamination Control Procedures 6.2Full Flow Contamination Control 6.2.1Bypass Contamination Control 6.2.2Batch Contamination Control 6.2.3Contamination Control Processes 6.3Gravity 6.3.1Mechanical 6.3.2Centrifuge 6.3.2.1Filters 6.3.2.2Supplementary Met
7、hods 6.3.3Limitations of Contamination Control Devices 6.3.4Storage 7General 7.1Inspection 8General 8.1System Components 8.2Valves, Strainers and Coolers 8.2.1Sumps and Tanks 8.2.2Control Devices 8.2.3Pumps 8.2.4Flushing Program 9General 9.1Preparation of System for Flushing 9.21 This practice is un
8、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofD02.N0.02 on Industrial Applications.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010April 1, 2015. Published November 2010June 2015. Originally approved in 1982. Last prev
9、ious edition approved in 20052010 asD417489(2005).D4174 89 (2010). DOI: 10.1520/D4174-89R10.10.1520/D4174-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be t
10、echnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of t
11、his standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1SectionOil Heating Prior to Flushing 9.3Selection of Flushing Oil 9.4System Operation Oil 9.4.1Special Flushing Oil 9.4.2Flushing Oil Selection Guide 9.4.3Flushing Procedure
12、for New Systems 9.5Flushing Oil Charge 9.5.1Cleaning of Filtration Devices 9.5.2Cleaning of System Components 9.5.3System Flushing 9.5.4Draining of Flushing Oil 9.5.5Displacement Oil 9.5.6Interim Corrosion Protection 9.5.7New Fluid Charge 9.5.8Flushing of Used Systems 9.6General Guidelines 9.6.1Proc
13、edure 9.6.2System Maintenance 10Shipping 10.1Preinstallation 10.2In-Service Units 10.3Decision to Flush In-Service Hydraulic Systems 10.4Fluid Condition Monitoring 11Fluid Sampling Techniques 11.2Visual Inspection 11.3Laboratory Analysis 11.4Fluid Cleanliness Criteria 11.5General Information 12Filte
14、r Ratings 12.2Centrifuge Ratings 12.3Coalescence 12.4Vacuum Dehydration 12.5Adsorption 12.6SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4Types of Contamination 5General 5.1Water 5.2Soluble Contaminants 5.3Insoluble Contaminants 5.4Lodged Contamination 5.4.2.1Suspended or Loo
15、se Contamination 5.4.2.2Contamination Control 6General 6.1Initial Filling 6.1.1In-Service Units 6.1.2Connection of Contamination Control System 6.1.3Piping or Tubing Contamination Control System 6.1.4Contamination Control Procedures 6.2Full Flow Contamination Control 6.2.1Bypass Contamination Contro
16、l 6.2.2Batch Contamination Control 6.2.3Contamination Control Processes 6.3Gravity 6.3.1Mechanical 6.3.2Centrifuge 6.3.2.1Filters 6.3.2.2Supplementary Methods 6.3.3Limitations of Contamination Control Devices 6.3.4Storage 7General 7.1Inspection 8General 8.1System Components 8.2Valves, Strainers, and
17、 Coolers 8.2.1Sumps and Tanks 8.2.2Control Devices 8.2.3Pumps 8.2.4Flushing Program 9General 9.1Preparation of System for Flushing 9.2Fluid Heating Prior to Flushing 9.3Selection of Flushing Oils 9.4D4174 152SectionSystem Operation Fluid 9.4.1Special Flushing Oil 9.4.2Flushing Oil Selection Guide 9.
18、4.3Flushing Procedure for New Systems 9.5Flushing Oil Charge 9.5.1Cleaning of Filtration Devices 9.5.2Cleaning of System Components 9.5.3System Flushing and Flush Acceptance Criteria 9.5.4Draining of Flushing Oil 9.5.5Displacement Oil 9.5.6Interim Corrosion Protection 9.5.7New Fluid Charge 9.5.8Flus
19、hing of Used Systems 9.6General Guidelines 9.6.1Procedure 9.6.2System Maintenance 10Preinstallation 10.2In-Service Units 10.3Decision to Flush In-Service Hydraulic Systems 10.4Fluid Condition Monitoring 11Fluid Sampling Techniques 11.2Visual Inspection 11.3Laboratory Analysis 11.4Fluid Cleanliness C
20、riteria 11.5General Information 12Centrifuge Ratings 12.2Coalescence 12.3Vacuum Dehydration 12.4Adsorption 12.51.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safet
21、y concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Visco
22、sity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)D664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric TitrationD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator TitrationD1774 Test Method for Elastic Properties of Textile Fibers (Withdrawn 2
23、000)3D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by CentrifugeD4006 Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by DistillationD7546 Test Method for Determination of Moisture in New and In-Service Lubricating Oils andAdditives by Relative HumiditySensorD7647 Test Method for Automatic
24、Particle Counting of Lubricating and Hydraulic Fluids Using Dilution Techniques toEliminate the Contribution of Water and Interfering Soft Particles by Light ExtinctionF311 Practice for Processing Aerospace Liquid Samples for Particulate Contamination Analysis Using Membrane FiltersF312 Test Methods
25、 for Microscopical Sizing and Counting Particles from Aerospace Fluids on Membrane FiltersF313 Test Method for Insoluble Contamination of Hydraulic Fluids by Gravimetric Analysis (Withdrawn 1988)32.2 ANSI Standards:B93.2 Glossary of Terms for Fluid Power4B93.19 Method for Extracting Fluid Samples fr
26、om the Lines of an Operating Hydraulic Fluid Power System (for ParticulateContamination Analysis)43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 absolute filtration ratingthe diameter of the largest hard spherical particle that will pass through a filter under specifiedtest conditions. This is an indication of
27、 the largest opening in the filter element.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approve
28、d version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.D4174 1533.1.1 nominal filtration ratingan arbitrary micrometre value indicated by a filter manufacturer. Due to lack of re
29、producibilitythis rating is deprecated. (ANSI B93.2)4. Significance and Use4.1 Proper fluid condition is essential for the satisfactory performance and long life of the equipment. Prerequisites for properlubrication and component performance are: (1) a well-designed hydraulic system, (2) the use of
30、a goodsuitable fluid, and (3) amaintenance program including proper filtration methods to ensure that the fluid is free of contaminants. These prerequisites aremeaningless unless the hydraulic system is initially cleaned to a level that will prevent component damage on initial start up orwhen debris
31、 may be dislodged by any system upset.4.2 The cleaning and flushing of both new and used systems are accomplished by essentially the same procedure. In newsystems, the emphasis is on the removal of contaminants introduced during the manufacture, storage, field fabrication, andinstallation. In used s
32、ystems, the emphasis is on the removal of contaminants that are generated during operations, from failuresthat occur during operation; or contaminants introduced during overhaul. Both new and used systems may benefit from highvelocity flushing to remove materials that can collect in hard to drain po
33、ckets or normally non-wetted surfaces.4.3 While the flushing and cleaning philosophies stated in this practice are applicable to all primary and servo hydraulicsystems, the equipment specified herein does not apply to compact systems that use relatively small volumes of fluid unless theyare servo sy
34、stems where it is economically justified.4.4 It should be emphasized that the established procedures to be followed for flushing and cleaning the hydraulic systemsshould be accomplished through the cooperative efforts and agreement of the equipment manufacturer, the installer, the flushingservice ve
35、ndor, the operator, and the fluid supplier. No phase of these procedures should be undertaken without a thoroughunderstanding of the possible effects of improper system preparation. The installation and cleaning and flushing of the equipmentshould not be entrusted to persons lacking in experience.5.
36、 Types of Contamination5.1 GeneralHydraulic systems can become contaminated from a variety of sources. Generally, there are five categories ofcontamination: (1) water, (2) fluid soluble material, (3) fluid insoluble material, (4) erroneous fluid additions, and (5) hydraulicfluid deterioration. Prope
37、rly designed systems can normally control water and insoluble contaminants; however, when it isnecessary to remove soluble contaminants, a fluid change and flush are required.5.2 WaterWater is almost always present in hydraulic fluids. It may be present in solution or in a free or emulsified form.Wa
38、ter can exist in solution at varying concentrations depending on the nature of the fluid, the temperature, and so forth. Forexample, hydraulic fluid may hold 50 ppm 50 ppm of water at 21C (70F) and 250 ppm at 71C (160F).21 C (70 F) and250 ppm at 71 C (160 F). The water in solution has no adverse eff
39、ect on lubricating properties of the fluid and causes nocorrosion; however, when fluid passes through a cooler some water may come out of solution and become free water in the formof finely dispersed droplets. Many contaminants hinder the separation of this free water from the fluid by settling and
40、may causean emulsion. In hydraulic fluids, the emulsion impairs circulation, interfere with lubrication and adversely affect contaminationcontrol equipment.5.2.1 Water contamination can be classified as either fresh or sea water, as encountered in land or marine systems. Fresh waterenters the hydrau
41、lic system from moist air as condensation, through improperly located vents, leaks in coolers, and steam heaters,and because of improper operation. Sea water, in marine hydraulic systems, enters through leaks in coolers, faulty manhole gaskets,faulty sump tank seals and improperly located vents. Sea
42、 and brackish water can also present a problem when used as a coolantin land-based units. Water contamination in hydraulic fluids can:5.2.1.1 Promote fluid oxidation.5.2.1.2 Reduce fluid stability.5.2.1.3 Promote sludge.5.2.1.4 Promote foaming.5.2.1.5 Form emulsions.5.2.1.6 Promote rusting and corro
43、sion.5.2.1.7 AffectCause additive depletion and concentration.drop-out.5.2.1.8 Adversely affect lubricating properties.5.2.1.9 Promote bacteria growth.5.2.1.10 Alter fluid viscosity.5.2.1.11 Adversely affect fine filtration.filtration (that is, excessive back pressure).5.2.1.12 Promote cavitation.5.
44、2.2 In the case of severe salt water contamination, it is necessary to remove the operating fluid and clean and flush thehydraulic systems.5.3 Soluble Contaminants:D4174 1545.3.1 Soluble contaminants in hydraulic systems include cleaning chemicals, solvents, rust preventives, incompatible lubricants
45、,flushing oils, extraneous oils, oxidation products, gasket sealants, and assembly lubricants. These contaminants cannot be removedby conventional fluid contamination control equipment. Normally, a new charge of fluid accompanied with a displacement flushoil is required to correct the problem. Fluid
46、 soluble contaminants can:5.3.1.1 Change the fluid viscosity.5.3.1.2 Alter the flash point.5.3.1.3 Change the color.5.3.1.4 Result in sludge deposits.5.3.1.5 Attack elastomeric seals.5.3.1.6 Initiate additive-water interaction that can cause emulsification, possible additive loss, instability, impai
47、red purificationequipment performance, foaming, and air entrainment.5.3.1.7 Accelerate oxidation.5.3.2 When a soluble contaminant is present, the fluid supplier and consult the he equipment manufacturer should be consultedregarding the advisability of continued use of the fluid or replacing it with
48、a new charge.5.4 Insoluble Contaminants:5.4.1 Insoluble contaminants normally encountered are metal particles (including rust) of all types and sizes, fibers, airbornesolids, sand, and other nonmetallic particles. These contaminants are often the result of improper manufacturing techniques,improper
49、shipping and storage practices, and careless installation of hydraulic systems. Some of the effects of solid contaminationare:5.4.1.1 Abrasive wear or sticking of components such as: control valve poppets, cylinders, piston rods, and seals.5.4.1.2 Faulty control functioning, particularly plugged fluid lines/filter plugging.5.4.1.3 Reduced fluid stability.5.4.1.4 Sludge formation.5.4.1.5 Increased foaming tendency.5.4.1.6 Stabilized water-oil emulsions/accelerated oxidation by catalytic effect of metal particles.5.4.2 Harmful contamination can exist in the hydraul
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