1、Designation: D4175 09a3Standard Terminology Relating toPetroleum, Petroleum Products, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1NOTETerms were transferred editorially in August 2010.2Note
3、Terms were transferred editorially in September 2011.3NoteTerms were transferred editorially in October 2012.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard covers the compilation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants, except that it does not includeterms/definitions sp
4、ecific only to the standards in which theyappear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, lubricants, and certain productsfrom biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the sameterms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products,and lubricant
5、s can be found in other compilations and indictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thestandards in which they appear and (2) in this compilation.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to sour
6、ce and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-tee CS 95. Some abbreviations, acronyms and symbols areincluded in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D6812abrasion, nwear due to hard particles or h
7、ard protuberancesforced against and moving along a solid surface. D02.B0D4998abrasive wearwear due to hard particles or hard protuber-ances forced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.L0 D5182absolute filtration rating, nthe diameter of the largest hardspherical particle that will pass throu
8、gh a filter underspecified test conditions. This is an indication of the largestopening in the filter element. D02.N0 D4174absorbance, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of thereciprocal of the transmittance. D02.03 D7740absorbance, A, nthe molecular property of a substance thatdetermines its ab
9、ility to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101/T! 5 log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andr
10、efractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and pathlength, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f
11、= the dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unacceptable quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification
12、limit. It isthe value that takes into account the specification value, the test methodprecision, and the confidence level desired for defining minimumacceptable quality relative to the specification value. D02.94D3244accepted reference value (ARV, nvalue that serves as anagreed-upon reference for co
13、mparison and that is derived as(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on experimentalwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based
14、 on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009.
15、 Published November 2009. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D417509. DOI:10.1520/D4175-09AE03.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Uni
16、ted States.DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D6890, D02.94 D6299, D6792DISCUSSIONIn the context of thi
17、s test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Research octane number of specificreference materials determined empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D2699, D2700DISCUSSIONIn the
18、 context of this method, accepted reference valueis understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D7170DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood
19、to apply to the Supercharge and octane numberratings of specific reference materials determined empirically underreproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or anotherrecognized exchange testing organization. D02.01 D909accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an
20、accepted reference value. D02.94 D6792accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6299,D7372acid number, nthe quantity of a specified base, expressed inmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample,required to titrate a sample in a s
21、pecified solvent to aspecified endpoint using a specified detection system.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstants greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D3339DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is calcu
22、lated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfrom blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the acid number value canbe reported in milligram
23、s of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a green/green-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D974DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hy
24、droxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined infle
25、ction point as specified inthe test method. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter
26、 reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the test method shall bereported as the strong acid number. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects o
27、f the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they are found. D02.06 D664acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink orred color whe
28、n methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D1093across (or against) grain, ndirection in a body withpreferred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistingmain
29、ly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domestic wastewater treatment plant; acti-vated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D6139activation energy (Ea)measure of temperature effe
30、cts on therate of oxidation in the kinetic, or chemical control, regime.Activation energy is calculated from theArrhenius equation:OR 5 Z exp 2Ea/RT! (1)where:OR = oxidation rate,R = 8.314 J mole-1K-1is the universal gas constant,T = absolute temperature (in Kelvin), andZ = pre-exponential factor.Th
31、e activation energy and pre-exponential factor are calculatedfrom linearized form of Arrhenius equation, that is, from theslope and intercept of the linear plot of the logarithm ofoxidation rate versus the inverse of absolute temperature (1/T):log10OR! 5 log10Z Ea/ 2.303 RT! (2)Activation energy is
32、expressed in units of kJ/mol. Pre-exponential factor is expressed in the same units as theoxidation rates, namely g h-1m-2(for Zacalculated fromarea-normalized oxidation rates, ORa)orgg-1h-1(for Zwcalculated from weight-normalized oxidation rates, ORw).D02.F0 D7542active grease-sampling device, ndev
33、ice designed to take anactive sample of a lubricating grease from a bearing, gear, ordrive shaft located in a grease-lubricated component.D02.G0 D7718active sampling, vto use a sampling device to activelygather an in-service lubricating grease sample from a grease-lubricated component. D02.G0 D7718a
34、ctuate, vto hold the interior cylinder of the active grease-sampling device while pushing the exterior cylinder forwardtoward the grease-lubricated component that is beingsampled allowing lubricating grease to fill the samplingdevice. D02.G0 D7718acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to p
35、roduceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short period oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material toproduce adverse behaviora
36、l, biochemical or physiologicaleffects in non-human organisms or populations in a shortperiod, usually not constituting a substantial portion of thelife span. D02.12 D6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representative subpopulation of organisms is ex-posed to differ
37、ent treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a short period, usually not constituting a substantialportion of their life span. D02.12 D6384D4175 09a32acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a
38、 test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a substantial portion oftheir life span. D02.12 D6081additive, na material added to another, usually in smallamounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or tosuppress undesirable properties. D02.B0 D5862adenosine monoph
39、osphate, nmolecule formed by the re-moval of two (2) molecules of phosphate (one pyrophos-phate molecule) from ATP. D02.14 D7463adenosine triphosphate, nmolecule comprised of a purineand three phosphate groups, that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biological cells. D02.14D7463a
40、dherent insolubles (formerly adherent gum), nmaterialthat is produced in the course of stressing distillate fuelunder the conditions of this test and which adheres to theglassware after fuel has been flushed from the system.D02.14 D7462adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingbetween
41、contacting solid surfaces leading to material trans-fer between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significantgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the ca
42、seof crude petroleum, there will be a normal increase in reflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedmantle. D02.08 D2892adju
43、stment, noperation of bringing the portable digitaldensity meter to a state of performance suitable for its use,by setting or adjusting the instrument constants. D02.04D7777aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain meta-bolically active.DISCUSSIONAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electr
44、on acceptorin their primary energy-generating metabolic pathways. Aerobes re-quire oxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes togenerate energy for growth and survival. D02.14 D6469aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the presence of oxygen; (2)living or active in the presence of oxygen. D02.
45、N0D6006, D6046AETabbreviation for atmospheric equivalent temperature.agglomerate, nin manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, composite particle containing a number ofgrains. D02.F0 C709aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from thesum of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardne
46、ss of watersample where both alkalinity and hardness are reported asCaCO3L.DISCUSSIONAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. AtA.I. 12, water is noncorrosive.At 10 A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources range from single carbonmolecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to complex polymers, includ-in
47、g plastics. Oxygen requirements range from obligate anaerobes,which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die ifoxygen pressure falls below a species specific threshold. D02.14D6469base number, nthe quantity of a specified acid, expressed interms of the equivalent number of milligra
48、ms of potassiumhydroxide per gram of sample, required to titrate a sample ina specified solvent to a specified endpoint using a specifieddetection system. D02.06 D2896DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to an orange end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solve
49、nt.D02.06 D974DISCUSSIONThis test method uses fixed amounts of isooctane andalcoholic hydrochloric acid as the sample solvent and the endpoint isdefined as the amount of titrant required to reach a yellow endpointwith a methyl red indicator solution. D02.06 D5984DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the sample is titrated to a meterreading corresponding to aqueous acidic buffer solution or appropriateinflection point. D02.06 D
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