1、Designation: D4175 16cStandard Terminology Relating toPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4175; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology standard covers the com
3、pilation ofterminology developed by Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants, except that it does notinclude terms/definitions specific only to the standards inwhich they appear.1.1.1 The terminology, mostly definitions, is unique topetroleum, petroleum products, lubricants,
4、and certain productsfrom biomass and chemical synthesis. Meanings of the sameterms outside of applications to petroleum, petroleum products,and lubricants can be found in other compilations and indictionaries of general usage.1.1.2 The terms/definitions exist in two places: (1) in thestandards in wh
5、ich they appear and (2) in this compilation.2. Terminology2.1 Alphabetical listing of terms with definitions for eachterm showing attributions as to source and subcommitteejurisdiction is in bold print following the definition. Thoseshowing no attributes are under the jurisdiction of Subcommit-tee C
6、S 95. Some abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols areincluded in the list.3-MPA, n3-methylphenylamine D02.J0 D6812atomic absorption spectrometry, nanalytical technique formeasuring metal content of solutions, based on a combina-tion of flame source, hollow cathode lamp, photomultiplier,and a readout d
7、evice. D02.03 D7740abrasive wear, nwear due to hard particles or hard protu-berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.D02.B0 D4998; D02.L0 D5182absorbance, nlogarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of thereciprocal of the transmittance. D02.03 D7740absorbance, (A), nthe molecular propert
8、y of a substance thatdetermines its ability to take up radiant energy, expressed by:A 5 log101T! 52log10T! (1)where T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for reflecta
9、nce losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.14 D7996absorbance, A, nthe molecular property of a substance thatdetermines its ability to take up radiant power, expressed by:A 5 log101
10、/T! 52log10Twhere T is the transmittance.DISCUSSIONAbsorbance expresses the excess absorption over thatof a specified reference or standard. It is implied that compensation hasbeen affected for reflectance losses, solvent absorption losses, andrefractive effects, if present, and that attenuation by
11、scattering is smallcompared with attenuation by absorption. D02.04 D2008absorptivity, a, nthe specific property of a substance toabsorb radiant power per unit sample concentration and pathlength, expressed by:a 5 Af/bcwhere:A = the absorbance,f = the dilution factor,b = sample cell path length, andc
12、 = the quantity of absorbing substance contained in avolume of solvent.D02.04 D2008acceptance limit (AL), na numerical value that defines thepoint between acceptable and unacceptable quality.DISCUSSIONThe AL is not necessarily the specification limit. It is avalue that takes into account the specifi
13、cation limit, the test methodprecision, and the desired probability of product acceptance if thequality is at the specification limit.D02.94 D3244accepted reference value (ARV), nvalue that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison and that is derived as1This terminology is under the jurisdic
14、tion of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.95 on Terminology.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4175 16b. DOI:10.
15、1520/D4175-16C.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1(1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned value, based on exp
16、erimentalwork of some national or international organization, such asthe U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST), or (3) a consensus value, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group.DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, a
17、ccepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D6890, D02.94 D6299, D6792DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to ap
18、ply to the Research octane number of specificreference materials determined empirically under reproducibility con-ditions by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-change testing organization. D02.01 D2699, D2700DISCUSSIONIn the context of this method, accepted reference valueis unders
19、tood to apply to the ignition delay of specific referencematerials determined under reproducibility conditions by collaborativeexperimental work. D02.01 D7170DISCUSSIONIn the context of this test method, accepted referencevalue is understood to apply to the Supercharge and octane numberratings of sp
20、ecific reference materials determined empirically underreproducibility conditions by the National Exchange Group or anotherrecognized exchange testing organization. D02.01 D909accepted reference value (ARV), na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1)
21、a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based onexperimental work of some national or internationalorganization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based oncollaborative experimental work under the auspices of ascientific or engineer
22、ing group. D02.25 D3764accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between a test resultand an accepted reference value. D02.94 D6792accuracy, nthe closeness of agreement between an observedvalue and an accepted reference value.D02.94 D6299, D7372ACERTAdvanced Combustion Emission ReductionTechnology D02.B
23、0 D8047acid number, nthe quantity of a specified base, expressed inmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample,required to titrate a sample in a specified solvent to aspecified endpoint using a specified detection system.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, acids or salts with dissociationconstan
24、ts greater than 109, are titrated to a green end point withp-naphtholbenzein indicator. D02.06 D3339DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the acid number is calculated fromthe number of drops required to produce a change in solution colorfrom blue-green to orange, compared to the number of drops requiredto
25、 produce an identical color change using a reference standard.Because this is a direct comparison method, the acid number value canbe reported in milligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample.D02.06 D5770DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the indicator is p-naphtholbenzeintitrated to a green/gree
26、n-brown end point in a toluene-water-isopropanol solvent. D02.06 D974DISCUSSIONThis test method expresses the quantity of base asmilligrams of potassium hydroxide per gram of sample, that is requiredto titrate a sample in a mixture of toluene and propan-2-ol to which asmall amount of water has been
27、added from its initial meter reading inmillivolts to a meter reading in millivolts corresponding to an aqueousbasic buffer solution or a well-defined inflection point as specified inthe test method. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThis test method provides additional information. Thequantity of base, expressed
28、 as milligrams of potassium hydroxide pergram of sample, required to titrate a sample in the solvent from itsinitial meter reading in millivolts to a meter reading in millivoltscorresponding to a freshly prepared aqueous acidic buffer solution or awell-defined inflection point as specified in the te
29、st method shall bereported as the strong acid number. D02.06 D664DISCUSSIONThe causes and effects of the so-called strong acids andthe causes and effects of the other acids can be very significantlydifferent. Therefore, the user of this test method shall differentiate andreport the two, when they ar
30、e found. D02.06 D664acidity, nthe quality, state or degree of being acid.DISCUSSIONIn this test method, the criterion for acidity is a pink orred color when methyl orange indicator is used. D02.06 D1093ACMAlkyl Acrylate Copolymer D02.B0 D8047across (or against) grain, ndirection in a body with pre-f
31、erred orientation due to forming stresses that has themaximum c-axis alignment as measured in an X-ray diffrac-tion test. D02.F0 C709activated sludge, nthe precipitated solid matter, consistingmainly of bacteria and other aquatic microorganisms, that isproduced in a domestic wastewater treatment pla
32、nt; acti-vated sludge is used primarily in secondary sewage treat-ment to microbially oxidized dissolved organic matter in theeffluent. D02.12 D6139activation energy (Ea)measure of temperature effects on therate of oxidation in the kinetic, or chemical control, regime.Activation energy is calculated
33、 from theArrhenius equation:OR 5 Zexp2Ea/RT!where:OR = oxidation rate,R = 8.314 J mole-1K-1is the universal gas constant,T = absolute temperature (in Kelvin), andZ = pre-exponential factor.The activation energy and pre-exponential factor are calcu-lated from linearized form of Arrhenius equation, th
34、at is, fromthe slope and intercept of the linear plot of the logarithm ofoxidation rate versus the inverse of absolute temperature (1/T):log10OR! 5 log10Z 2 Ea/2.303 RT!Activation energy is expressed in units of kJ/mol. Pre-exponential factor is expressed in the same units as the oxi-dation rates, n
35、amely g h-1m-2(for Zacalculated from area-normalized oxidation rates, ORa)orgg-1h-1(for Zwcalculated from weight-normalized oxidation rates, ORw).D02.F0 D7542active grease-sampling device, ndevice designed to take anactive sample of a lubricating grease from a bearing, gear, ordrive shaft located in
36、 a grease-lubricated component.D02.G0 D7718D4175 16c2active sampling, vto use a sampling device to activelygather an in-service lubricating grease sample from a grease-lubricated component. D02.G0 D7718actuate, vto hold the interior cylinder of the active grease-sampling device while pushing the ext
37、erior cylinder forwardtoward the grease-lubricated component that is beingsampled allowing lubricating grease to fill the samplingdevice. D02.G0 D7718acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produceadverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populati
38、ons in a short period oftime, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the lifespan of the organism. D02.N0 D6046acute ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a test material toproduce adverse behavioral, biochemical or physiologicaleffects in non-human organisms or populations in a shortperiod, us
39、ually not constituting a substantial portion of thelife span. D02.12 D6384acute ecotoxicity test, na comparative ecotoxicity test inwhich a representative subpopulation of organisms is ex-posed to different treat rates of a test material and is observedfor a short period, usually not constituting a
40、substantialportion of their life span. D02.12 D6384acute toxicity test, na comparative toxicity test in which arepresentative subpopulation of organisms is exposed todifferent treat rates of a test material and is observed for ashort period usually not constituting a substantial portion oftheir life
41、 span. D02.12 D6081additive, na material added to another, usually in smallamounts, to impart or enhance desirable properties or tosuppress undesirable properties. D02.B0 D5862additive, nsubstance added to a base aviation gasoline inrelatively small amounts that either enables that base avia-tion ga
42、soline to meet the applicable specification propertiesor does not alter the applicable specification properties ofthat base aviation gasoline beyond allowable limits.D02.J0 D7826adenosine monophosphate, nmolecule formed by the re-moval of two (2) molecules of phosphate (one pyrophos-phate molecule)
43、from ATP. D02.14 D7463adenosine triphosphate, nmolecule comprised of a purineand three phosphate groups, that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biological cells.D02.14 D7463adhesive wear (scuffing), nwear due to localized bondingbetween contacting solid surfaces leading to materi
44、al trans-fer between the two surfaces or loss from either surface.D02.L0 D5182adiabaticity, nthe condition in which there is no significantgain or loss of heat throughout the length of the column.DISCUSSIONWhen distilling a mixture of compounds as is the caseof crude petroleum, there will be a norma
45、l increase in reflux ratio downthe column. In the case where heat losses occur in the column, theinternal reflux is abnormally greater than the reflux in the head. Theopposite is true when the column gains heat, as with an overheatedmantle. D02.08 D2892adjustment, noperation of bringing the portable
46、 digitaldensity meter to a state of performance suitable for its use,by setting or adjusting the instrument constants.D02.04 D7777aerobe, nan organism that requires oxygen to remain meta-bolically active.DISCUSSIONAerobes use oxygen as their terminal electron acceptorin their primary energy-generati
47、ng metabolic pathways. Aerobes re-quire oxygen for survival, using aerobic metabolic processes togenerate energy for growth and survival. D02.14 D6469aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the presence of oxygen; (2)living or active in the presence of oxygen.D02.N0 D6006, D6046AETabbreviation for atmospher
48、ic equivalent temperature.agglomerate, nin manufactured carbon and graphite prod-uct technology, composite particle containing a number ofgrains. D02.F0 C709aggressiveness index (A.I.), nthe value computed from thesum of the pH + log alkalinity + log hardness of watersample where both alkalinity and
49、 hardness are reported asCaCO3L.DISCUSSIONAs A.I. decreases, water becomes more corrosive. AtA.I. 12, water is noncorrosive. At 10 A.I. 13.0. Potential food sources range from single carbonmolecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to complex polymers, includ-ing plastics. Oxygen requirements range from obligate anaerobes,which die on contact with oxygen, to obligate aerobes, which die ifoxygen pressure falls below a species specifi
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