ASTM D4177-2015a Standard Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products《石油和石油制品自动取样的标准实施规程》.pdf

1、Designation: D4177 15D4177 15aManual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 8.2Standard Practice forAutomatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig

2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department

3、of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThe previous version of the automatic sampling practice described the design, installation, testing,and operation of automated equipment for the extraction of representative samples from the flowingstream and storing mainly for crude oil.This practice is a performance-based st

4、andard. It still includes the design, installation, testing, andoperation of automated equipment for extraction of representative samples. It also includes the testingand proving of a sampling system in the field under actual operating conditions to ensure that theequipment, installation, and operat

5、ing procedures produce representative samples. The acceptancecriteria for custody transfer are covered in this practice. This practice does not address how to samplecrude at temperatures below the freezing point of water. Extensive revisions have been made to theprior version of D4177 (API MPMS Chap

6、ter 8.2).This practice also provides guidance for periodic verification of the sampling system.This practice is separated into three parts:GeneralSections 5 17 (Part I) are currently applicable to crude oil and refined products. Reviewthis section before designing or installing any automatic samplin

7、g system.Crude Oil SamplingSection 18 (Part II) contains additional information required to complete thedesign, testing, and monitoring of a crude oil sampling system.Refined Product SamplingSection 19 (Part III) contains additional information required tocomplete the design of a refined product sam

8、pling system.Arepresentative sample is “Aportion extracted from the total volume that contains the constituentsin the same proportions that are present in that total volume.” Representative samples are required forthe determination of chemical and physical properties that are used to establish stand

9、ard volumes,prices, and compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.The process of obtaining a representative sample consists of the following: the physical equipment,the correct matching of that equipment to the application, the adherence to procedures by theoperator(s) of that equipme

10、nt, and the proper handling and analysis.1. Scope*1.1 This practice describes general procedures and equipment for automatically obtaining samples of liquid petroleum andpetroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate products from the sample point into the primary container. This practice alsoprov

11、ides additional specific information about sample container selection, preparation, and sample handling. If sampling is for theprecise determination of volatility, use Practice D5842 (API MPMS Chapter 8.4) in conjunction with this practice. For samplemixing and handling, refer to Practice D5854 (API

12、 MPMS Chapter 8.3). This practice does not cover sampling of electricalinsulating oils and hydraulic fluids.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and theAPI Committee on Petroleum Measurement,and is the direct responsibilit

13、y of Subcommittee D02.02 /COMQ the joint ASTM-API Committee on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API).This practice has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established procedures. This practice was issuedas a

14、joint ASTM-API standard in 1982.Current edition approved May 15, 2015Oct. 1, 2015. Published August 2015November 2015. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20102015as D4177 95 (2010).D4177 15. DOI: 10.1520/D4177-15.10.1520/D4177-15A.This document is not an ASTM standard and

15、 is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only t

16、he current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.2 Table of Contents:Se

17、ctionINTRODUCTIONScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Significance and Use 4PART IGENERALRepresentative Sampling Components 5Design Criteria 6Automatic Sampling Systems 7Sampling Location 8Mixing of the Flowing Stream 9Proportionality 10Sample Extractor Grab Volume 11Containers 12Sample Handlin

18、g and Mixing 13Control Systems 14Sample System Security 15System Proving (Performance Acceptance Tests) 16Performance Monitoring 17PART IICRUDE OILCrude Oil 18PART IIIREFINED PRODUCTSRefined Products 19KEYWORDSKeywords 20ANNEXESCalculations of the Margin of Error based on Number ofSample GrabsAnnex

19、A1Theoretical Calculations for Selecting the Sampler ProbeLocationAnnex A2Performance Criteria for Portable Sampling Units Annex A3Profile Performance Test Annex A4Sampler Acceptance Test Data Annex A5APPENDIXESDesign Data Sheet for Automatic Sampling System Appendix X1Comparisons of Percent Sedimen

20、t and Water versusUnloading Time PeriodAppendix X21.3 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or US Customary (USC) units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combini

21、ng values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Except where there is no direct SIequivalent, such as for National Pipe Threads/diameters, or tubing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the re

22、sponsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Pr

23、ocedure)D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD4928 Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer TitrationD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility MeasurementD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Pro

24、ducts2.2 API Standards:3MPMS Chapter 3 Tank GaugingMPMS Chapter 4 Proving SystemsMPMS Chapter 5 MeteringMPMS Chapter 8.3 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum Products (ASTM PracticeD5854)MPMS Chapter 8.4 Practice for Manual Sampling and Handling of Fuels for

25、Volatility Measurement (ASTM Practice D5842)MPMS Chapter 10 Sediment and WaterMPMS Chapter 13 Statistical Aspects of Measuring and Sampling2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume

26、information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.D4177 15a2MPMS Chapter 20 Production Allocation Measurement for High Water Content Crude Oil SamplingMPMS C

27、hapter 21 Flow Measurement Using Electronic Metering Systems2.3 ISO Standards:4ISO 1998 Petroleum Industry Terminology Part 6: MeasurementNOTE 1See the Bibliography at the end of this standard for important historical references.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1

28、automatic sampling system, nfluid sampling system that consists of: (a) flowing fluid stream conditioning, if required;(b) a means of automatically extracting a representative sample; (c) pacing of the sample extraction in a flow or time proportionalmanner; and (d) delivering of each extracted sampl

29、e to a sample container or an analyzer.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe system consists of a sample extractor with an associated controller and flow-measuring or timing device, collectively referredto as an automatic sampler or auto-sampler. In addition, the system may include a flow conditioner, slipstream, s

30、ample probe, andsample conditioning.3.1.1.2 DiscussionSystems may deliver the sample directly to an analytical device or may accumulate a composite sample for offline analysis, inwhich case, the system includes sample mixing and handling and a primary sample container.3.1.1.3 DiscussionAutomatic sam

31、pling systems may be used for liquids.3.1.2 batch, ndiscrete shipment of commodity defined by a specified quantity, a time interval, or quality.3.1.3 component testing, nprocess of individually testing the components of a system.3.1.4 dead volume, nin sampling, the volume trapped between the extract

32、ion point and the primary sample container.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThis represents potential for contamination between batches.3.1.5 droplet dispersion, adjdegree to which a fluid in an immiscible fluid mixture is composed of small droplets distributedevenly throughout the volume of the pipe.3.1.6 flow-pr

33、oportional sample, nsample taken from a pipe such that the rate of sampling is proportional throughout thesampling period to the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe.3.1.7 free water, nwater that exists as a separate phase.3.1.8 grab, nvolume of sample extracted from a flowing stream by a single actua

34、tion of the sample extractor.3.1.9 homogeneous, adjquality of being uniform with respect to composition, a specified property or a constituent throughouta defined area or space.3.1.10 linefill, nvolume of fluid contained between two specified points in piping or tubing.3.1.11 sample controller, ndev

35、ice used in automatic sampling that governs the operation of a sample extractor.3.1.12 sample extractor, nin sampling, a mechanical device that provides for the physical measured segregation and extractionof a grabbed sample from the total volume in a pipeline, slip stream, or tank and ejects the sa

36、mple towards the primary samplecontainer.3.1.13 slip stream sample loop, nlow-volume stream diverted from the main pipeline, intended to be representative of the totalflowing stream.3.1.14 slip stream take-off probe, ndevice, inserted into the flowing stream, which directs a representative portion o

37、f thestream to a slip stream sample loop.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D4177 15a33.1.15 volume regulator sampler, ndevice that allows pipeline pressure to push a set volume into a chamber that is thent

38、rapped and redirected to the sample receiver.3.2 Definitions Related to Sample Containers:3.2.1 constant volume sample container, nvessel with a fixed volume.3.2.2 floating piston container, FPC, nhigh-pressure sample container, with a free floating internal piston that effectivelydivides the contai

39、ner into two separate compartments.3.2.3 portable sample container, nvessel that can be manually transported.3.2.4 primary sample container, ncontainer in which a sample is initially collected, such as a glass or plastic bottle, a can,a core-type thief, a high-pressure cylinder, a floating piston cy

40、linder, or a sample container in an automatic sampling system.3.2.5 profile average, nin sampling, the average of all point averages.3.2.6 profile testing, nprocedure for simultaneously sampling at several points across the diameter of a pipe to identify theextent of cross-sectional stratification.3

41、.2.7 representative sample, nportion extracted from a total volume that contains the constituents in the same proportions thatare present in that total volume.3.2.8 sample, nportion extracted from a total volume that may or may not contain the constituents in the same proportionsas are present in th

42、at total volume.3.2.9 sample probe, ndevice extending through the meter tube or piping into the stream to be sampled.3.2.10 sampling, nall the steps required to obtain a sample that is representative of the contents of any pipe, tank, or othervessel, based on established error and to place that samp

43、le into a container from which a representative test specimen can be takenfor analysis.3.2.11 sampling system, nsystem capable of extracting a representative sample from the fluid flowing in a pipe.3.2.11.1 Discussionsystem capable of extracting a representative sample from the fluid flowing in a pi

44、pe. (ISO 1998-6)3.2.12 sampling system verification test, nprocedure to establish that a sampling system is acceptable for custody transfer.3.2.13 secondary sample container, nvessel that receives an aliquot of the primary sample container for the purpose ofanalysis, transport, or retention.3.2.14 s

45、tationary sample container, nvessel that is physically fixed in place.3.2.15 stream conditions, nstate of a fluid stream in terms of distribution and dispersion of the components flowing withinthe pipeline.3.2.16 stream conditioning, nmixing of a flowing stream so that a representative sample may be

46、 extracted.3.2.17 time-proportional sample, nsample composed of equal volume grabs taken from a pipeline at uniform time intervalsduring the entire transfer.4. Significance and Use4.1 Representative samples of petroleum and petroleum products are required for the determination of chemical and physic

47、alproperties, which are used to establish standard volumes, prices, and compliance with commercial terms and regulatoryrequirements. This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. This practice does not addresshow to sample crude at temperatures below the f

48、reezing point of water.PART IGeneralThis part is applicable to all petroleum liquid sampling whether it be crude oil or refined products. Review this section beforedesigning or installing any automatic sampling system.5. Representative Sampling Components5.1 The potential for error exists in each st

49、ep of the sampling process. The following describes how sampling systemcomponents or design will impact whether the sample is representative. Properly address the following considerations to ensurea representative sample is obtained from a flowing stream.5.1.1 LocationLocate the sampling system close to or at a position where the custody transfer is deemed to have taken place.The quality and quantity of the linefill between the extractor and the sample container may be significant enough to impact thequality of the sample.