1、Designation: D 4194 03Standard Test Methods forOperating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis andNanofiltration Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of theoperating characteristics of reverse osmosis devices usingsta
3、ndard test conditions and are not necessarily applicable tonatural waters. Three test methods are given, as follows:SectionsTest Method ABrackish Water Reverse Osmosis De-vices8-13Test Method BNanofiltration Devices 14-19Test Method BSeawater Reverse Osmosis Devices 20-251.2 This standard does not p
4、urport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D
5、 512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion in Water2D 1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Re-sistivity of Water2D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water2D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water2D 6161 Terminology Used for Crossflow Microfiltration,Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis
6、 Mem-brane Processes33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Terminology D 1129 and D 6161.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 These test methods consist of determining the desalinat-ing ability and permeate flow rate of reverse osmosis andnanofiltration d
7、evices. They are applicable to both new andused reverse osmosis or nanofiltration devices.5. Significance and Use5.1 Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration desalinating devicescan be used to produce potable water from brackish supplies(5000 mg/L)are used, it is best to flush the reverse osmosis device w
8、ith thefeed solution to remove the high salt concentration in thedevice. This can be done by opening the concentrate flowcontrol valve for approximately 10 min with at least 345 kPa(50 psi) feed pressure. Allow the pressure to reach zero beforedisconnecting the reverse osmosis device or carrying out
9、maintenance on the piping system. Take care to ensure that themembranes are kept wet at all times and are properly sanitizedor winterized, or both (based on suppliers recommendations)for long-term storage (more than 5 days).12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the feed flow rate as follows:Qf5 Qp1 Qcwhere:
10、Qf= feed flow rate,Qp= permeate flow rate, andQc= concentrate flow rate.12.1.1 The permeate flow rate (Qp) should be corrected to25C using the suppliers correction factor, or, if unavailable, a3 % per degree correction factor can be used.12.2 Calculate the conversion as follows:Conversion, % 5Qp/Qf!
11、 3 10012.3 Calculate the salt passage as follows:Salt passage, % 5Kp/Kf! 3 100 or 1Kf1 Kc! /2! / Kf! 3 100!where:Kp= conductivity of permeate,Kf= conductivity of feed, andKc= conductivity of concentrate.NOTE 1The use of conductivity ratios for calculating salt passage willgive slightly different res
12、ults as compared to using ratios from chloride ionanalyses. However, for the concentration ranges involved for this method,the slight error resulting from using conductivity ratios is not consideredsignificant.12.4 Calculate the rejection as follows:Rejection, % 51 2Kp/Kf! 3 100!13. Precision and Bi
13、as513.1 The precision of the test method for permeate flow rateof reverse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.016X 2 4.542St5 0.058X 2 17.411where:So= single-operator precision, mL/min,St= overall precision, mL/min, andX = determined permeate flow rate of reverse osmosisdevice, mL/min.13.2 The preci
14、sion of the test method for salt passage ofreverse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.1669 2 0.0015YSt5 0.6684 1 0.026Ywhere:So= single-operator precision, salt passage expressed aspercent,St= overall precision, salt passage expressed as percent,andY = determined salt passage of reverse osmosis dev
15、ice,expressed as percent.13.3 Seven laboratories, each using a single operator, per-formed the testing at two concentration levels (500 mg/L and5000 mg/L) using three different reverse osmosis devices(tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber).13.4 Since the test method determines the operating char-a
16、cteristics of reverse osmosis devices on a relative basis, notrue values can be assigned and thus the determination of thebias is not applicable.TEST METHOD BNANOFILTRATION DEVICES14. Scope14.1 This test method covers the determination of theoperating characteristics of nanofiltration devices using
17、stan-dard test conditions and can be used for both spiral wound andhollow fiber devices.15. Summary of Test Method15.1 The test method provides for at least three different testsolutions.16. Reagents and Materials16.1 Calcium Chloride Feed Solution (0.5 g/L)Dissolveenough calcium chloride (CaCl2) in
18、 water to make a solutioncontaining in each litre 0.5 g of CaCl2.16.2 Magnesium Sulfate Feed Solution (2.0 g/L)Dissolveenough magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in water to make asolution containing in each litre 2.0 g of MgSO4.16.3 Sodium Chloride Feed Solution (0.5 g/L)Dissolveenough sodium chloride (NaCl)
19、 in water to make a solutioncontaining in each litre 0.5 g of NaCl.16.4 Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions, OptionalOtherconcentrations of NaCl solutions (5000 mg/L) are used, it is best to flush thenanofiltration device with the feed solution to remove the highsalt concentration in the device. This can
20、 be done by openingthe concentrate flow control valve for approximately 10 minwith at least 345 kPa (50 psi) feed pressure.Allow the pressureto reach zero before disconnecting the nanofiltration device orcarrying out maintenance on the piping system. Take care toensure that the membranes are kept we
21、t at all times and areproperly sanitized or winterized, or both (based on suppliersrecommendation) for long-term storage (more than 5 days).18. Calculation18.1 Calculate the feed flow rate as follows:Qf5 Qp1 Qcwhere:Qf= feed flow rate,Qp= permeate flow rate, andQc= concentrate flow rate.18.1.1 The p
22、ermeate flow rate (Qp) should be corrected to25C using the suppliers correction factor, or, if unavailable, a3 % per degree correction factor can be used.18.2 Calculate the conversion as follows:Conversion, % 5 Qp/Qf! 3 10018.3 Calculate the salt passage as follows:Salt passage, % 5 Kp/Kf! 3 100 or
23、1Kf1 Kc! /2! / Kf! 3 100where:Kp= concentration of permeate,Kf= concentration of feed, andKc= conductivity of concentrate.NOTE 2The use of conductivity ratios for calculating salt passage willgive slightly different results as compared to using ratios from chloride ionanalyses. However, for the conc
24、entration ranges involved for this method,the slight error resulting from using conductivity ratios is not consideredsignificant.18.4 Calculate rejection as follows:Rejection, % 51 2 Kp/Kf! 3 100!19. Precision and Bias19.1 The precision of the test method for permeate flow rateof nanofiltration devi
25、ces is as follows:So5 0.016X 4.542St5 0.058X 17.411where:So= single-operator precision, mL/min,St= overall precision, mL/min, andX = determined permeate flow rate of reverse osmosisdevice, mL/min.19.2 The precision of the test method for salt passage ofreverse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.166
26、9 0.0015YSt5 0.6684 1 0.026Ywhere:So= single-operator precision, salt passage expressed aspercent,St= overall precision, salt passage expressed as percent,andY = determined salt passage of reverse osmosis device,expressed as percent.19.3 Seven laboratories, each using a single operators,performed th
27、e testing at two concentration levels (500 mg/LD 4194 036and 5000 mg/L) using three different nanofiltration devices(tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber).19.4 Since the test method determines the operating char-acteristics of nanofiltration devices on a relative basis, no truevalues can be assig
28、ned and thus the determination of the biasis not applicable.TEST METHOD CSEAWATER REVERSE OSMOSISDEVICES20. Scope20.1 This test method covers the determination of theoperating characteristics of seawater reverse osmosis devicesusing standard test conditions and can be used for both spiralwound and h
29、ollow fiber devices.21. Summary of Test Method21.1 The test method uses a 30 000 mg/L sodium chloridefeed solution. Optional sodium chloride feed solutions are alsogiven.22. Reagents and Materials22.1 Sodium Chloride Feed Solution (30.0 g/L)Dissolveenough sodium chloride (NaCl) in water to make a so
30、lutioncontaining in each litre 30.0 g of NaCl.22.2 Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions, OptionalOtherconcentrations of sodium chloride solutions, for example, 32.8g/L or 35.0 g/L of NaCl can be used.23. Procedure23.1 Start-up and Operating Procedure:23.1.1 If the reverse osmosis device contains sanitizin
31、g orwinterizing agents, or both, flush the device in accordance withthe suppliers recommendations.23.1.2 Perform any posttreatments (if required) on thereverse osmosis device in accordance with the suppliersrecommendations.23.1.3 Make preliminary checks to make sure all fittings aretight, all compon
32、ents are operational, and the feed solution is atthe proper concentration and temperature. Before energizingthe high-pressure pump, the low-pressure switch must be offfor start-up to complete the circuit past the low-pressure cutout.Energize the high-pressure pump momentarily to check properrotation
33、.23.1.4 Open the feed supply valve, the concentrate flowcontrol valve, the pump bypass on the positive displacementfeed pump, or the centrifugal pump throttling valve. Start thebooster pump and then the high-pressure pump.23.1.5 Bring the feed pressure to a gage pressure that is inaccordance with th
34、e specifications of membrane manufacturerfor a given element model. It is possible that the bypass valveor the throttling valve (depending on pump system) and theconcentrate flow control valve may need to be adjustedsimultaneously. If necessary, another pressure agreed uponbetween the user and the s
35、upplier may be used.23.1.6 Set concentrate flow in accordance with the suppli-ers recommendation by adjusting the concentrate flow controlvalve. But maintain conversion within 62 % of suppliersrecommendation.23.1.7 Recheck and adjust if necessary both the concentrateflow and feed pressure to give th
36、e selected values for flow andpressure.23.1.8 Check and adjust the cooling system in the feedsolution to give a permeate temperature of 25 6 1C.23.1.9 Once sustained operation is attained, energize thelow-pressure shut-off switch.23.2 Data Recording:23.2.1 One hour after start-up, measure and record
37、 on a datasheet the inlet and outlet pressures of the filter and the feed,concentrate, and permeate pressures.23.2.2 At the same time, measure and record the permeateand concentrate flows using the calibrated flowmeters or acalibrated volume container and stopwatch.23.2.3 Also at the same time, meas
38、ure and record thepermeate temperature and the conductivity of the feed, perme-ate, and concentrate, using a conductivity meter, or determinethe chloride content of the three streams in accordance withTest Methods D 512.23.2.4 Repeat the above measurements 2 to 3 h after start-upand hourly thereafte
39、r until three successive permeate flow rates(corrected to 25C) and salt passages agree within 5 % (rela-tive). Industry manufacturers generally report performancespecifications based on a 20 to 30 min test.23.2.5 All data shall be obtained using the specified condi-tions of temperature, pressure, an
40、d conversion. If any of theseparameters need adjusting, allow 1 h after making adjustmentsbefore collecting data.23.3 Shutdown Procedure:23.3.1 Adjust the bypass valve or throttling valve to reducethe pressure.23.3.2 Depress the stop buttons on the high-pressure pumpmotor and the booster pump motor.
41、23.3.3 Shut off the feed supply valve (shutoff valve).23.3.4 Allow the pressure to reach zero before disconnect-ing the reverse osmosis device or carrying out maintenance onthe piping.23.3.5 If the test system is to be left out of service, flushwith Type III reagent water to minimize corrosion.23.3.
42、6 Flush the reverse osmosis device based on suppliersrecommendations with respect to time between test completionand flushing, water quality used for flushing and flushingprocedure.23.3.7 Take care to ensure that the membranes are kept wetat all times and are properly sanitized or winterized or both
43、(based on suppliers recommendation) for long-term storage(more than 5 days).24. Calculation24.1 Calculate the feed flow rate as follows:Qf5 Qp1 Qcwhere:Qf= feed flow rate,Qp= permeate flow rate, andQc= concentrate flow rate.24.1.1 The permeate flow rate (Qp) should be corrected to25C using the suppl
44、iers correction factor, or, if unavailable, a3 % per degree correction factor can be used.D 4194 03724.2 Calculate the conversion as follows:Conversion, % 5 Qp/Qf3 10024.3 Calculate the salt passage as follows:Salt passage, % 5 Cp/Cf3 100 or 1Cf1 Cc! /2! / Cf! x 100!where:Cp= concentration of salt i
45、n permeate,Cf= concentration of salt in feed, andCc= concentration of salt in concentrate.NOTE 3Salt concentration can be calculated from chloride ion analy-ses or conductivity but if conductivity is used, it must first be converted toconcentration from calibration curves because conductivity is not
46、 a linearfunction of concentration over the large range involved in this method.24.4 Calculate the rejection as follows:Rejection, % 51 2 Cp/Cf! 3 10025. Precision and Bias625.1 The precision of the test method for permeate flow rateof reverse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.017X 1 2.750ST5 0.06
47、8X 1 2.000where:So= single-operator precision, mL/min,ST= overall precision, mL/min, andX = determined permeate flow rate of reverse osmosisdevice, mL/min (range 496 to 594 mL/min forhollow fiber and 1833 to 2190 mL/min for spiraldevices).25.2 The precision of the test method for salt passage ofreve
48、rse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.0208Y 1 0.0120ST5 0.1786Y 2 0.0700where:So= single-operator precision, salt passage expressed aspercent,ST= overall precision, salt passage expressed as percent,andY = determined salt passage of reverse osmosis device,expressed as percent (range 0.76 to 0.99 %
49、 forhollow fiber and 3.48 to 5.59 % for spiral devices).25.3 Four laboratories, each using two operators, performedthe testing using two different reverse osmosis devices (spiralwound and hollow fiber).25.4 Since the test method determines the operating char-acteristics of reverse osmosis devices on a relative basis, notrue values can be assigned and thus the determination of thebias is not applicable.26. Keywords26.1 membranes; nanofiltration; NF characteristics; operat-ing conditions; operating devices; reverse osmosis; ROcha
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