1、Designation: D4194 03 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Methods forOperating Characteristics of Reverse Osmosis andNanofiltration Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of theoperating characteristics of reverse osmosis d
3、evices usingstandard test conditions and are not necessarily applicable tonatural waters. Three test methods are given, as follows:SectionsTest Method ABrackish Water Reverse OsmosisDevices813Test Method BNanofiltration Devices 1419Test Method BSeawater Reverse Osmosis Devices 20251.2 This standard
4、does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
5、tandards:2D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In WaterD1125 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-tivity of WaterD1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane
6、 Processes3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Terminology D1129 and D6161.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 These test methods consist of determining the desalinat-ing ability and permeate flow rate of reverse osmosis andnanofiltration devices. They
7、are applicable to both new andused reverse osmosis or nanofiltration devices.5. Significance and Use5.1 Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration desalinating devicescan be used to produce potable water from brackish supplies(5000 mg/L)are used, it is best to flush the reverse osmosis device with thefeed s
8、olution to remove the high salt concentration in thedevice. This can be done by opening the concentrate flowcontrol valve for approximately 10 min with at least 345 kPa(50 psi) feed pressure. Allow the pressure to reach zero beforedisconnecting the reverse osmosis device or carrying outmaintenance o
9、n the piping system. Take care to ensure that themembranes are kept wet at all times and are properly sanitizedor winterized, or both (based on suppliers recommendations)for long-term storage (more than 5 days).12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the feed flow rate as follows:Qf5 Qp1Qcwhere:Qf= feed flow
10、rate,Qp= permeate flow rate, andQc= concentrate flow rate.12.1.1 The permeate flow rate (Qp) should be corrected to25C using the suppliers correction factor, or, if unavailable, a3 % per degree correction factor can be used.12.2 Calculate the conversion as follows:Conversion, % 5 Qp/Qf! 310012.3 Cal
11、culate the salt passage as follows:Salt passage, % 5 Kp/Kf! 3100 or 1 2 Kf1Kc!/2!/Kf! 3100!where:Kp= conductivity of permeate,Kf= conductivity of feed, andKc= conductivity of concentrate.NOTE 1The use of conductivity ratios for calculating salt passage willgive slightly different results as compared
12、 to using ratios from chloride ionanalyses. However, for the concentration ranges involved for this method,the slight error resulting from using conductivity ratios is not consideredsignificant.12.4 Calculate the rejection as follows:Rejection, % 5 1 2 Kp/Kf! 3100!13. Precision and Bias413.1 The pre
13、cision of the test method for permeate flow rateof reverse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.016X 2 4.542St5 0.058X 2 17.411where:So= single-operator precision, mL/min,St= overall precision, mL/min, andX = determined permeate flow rate of reverse osmosisdevice, mL/min.13.2 The precision of the tes
14、t method for salt passage ofreverse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.1669 2 0.0015YSt5 0.668410.026Ywhere:So= single-operator precision, salt passage expressed aspercent,St= overall precision, salt passage expressed as percent,andY = determined salt passage of reverse osmosis device,expressed as
15、percent.13.3 Seven laboratories, each using a single operator, per-formed the testing at two concentration levels (500 mg/L and5000 mg/L) using three different reverse osmosis devices(tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber).13.4 Since the test method determines the operating char-acteristics of rev
16、erse osmosis devices on a relative basis, notrue values can be assigned and thus the determination of thebias is not applicable.TEST METHOD BNANOFILTRATION DEVICES14. Scope14.1 This test method covers the determination of theoperating characteristics of nanofiltration devices using stan-dard test co
17、nditions and can be used for both spiral wound andhollow fiber devices.15. Summary of Test Method15.1 The test method provides for at least three different testsolutions.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D19-1051.
18、ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.D4194 03 (2014)516. Reagents and Materials16.1 Calcium Chloride Feed Solution (0.5 g/L)Dissolveenough calcium chloride (CaCl2) in water to make a solutioncontaining in each litre 0.5 g of CaCl2.16.2 Magnesium Sulfate Feed Solution (2.0 g/L)Dissolveenoug
19、h magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in water to make asolution containing in each litre 2.0 g of MgSO4.16.3 Sodium Chloride Feed Solution (0.5 g/L)Dissolveenough sodium chloride (NaCl) in water to make a solutioncontaining in each litre 0.5 g of NaCl.16.4 Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions, OptionalOtherconcent
20、rations of NaCl solutions (5000 mg/L) areused, it is best to flush the nanofiltration device with the feedsolution to remove the high salt concentration in the device.This can be done by opening the concentrate flow control valvefor approximately 10 min with at least 345 kPa (50 psi) feedpressure.Al
21、low the pressure to reach zero before disconnectingthe nanofiltration device or carrying out maintenance on thepiping system. Take care to ensure that the membranes are keptwet at all times and are properly sanitized or winterized, orboth (based on suppliers recommendation) for long-termstorage (mor
22、e than 5 days).18. Calculation18.1 Calculate the feed flow rate as follows:Qf5 Qp1Qcwhere:Qf= feed flow rate,Qp= permeate flow rate, andQc= concentrate flow rate.18.1.1 The permeate flow rate (Qp) should be corrected to25C using the suppliers correction factor, or, if unavailable, a3 % per degree co
23、rrection factor can be used.18.2 Calculate the conversion as follows:Conversion, % 5 Qp/Qf! 310018.3 Calculate the salt passage as follows:Salt passage, % 5 Kp/Kf! 3100 or 1 2 Kf1Kc!/2!/Kf! 3 100!where:Kp= concentration of permeate,Kf= concentration of feed, andKc= conductivity of concentrate.NOTE 2
24、The use of conductivity ratios for calculating salt passage willgive slightly different results as compared to using ratios from chloride ionanalyses. However, for the concentration ranges involved for this method,the slight error resulting from using conductivity ratios is not consideredsignificant
25、.18.4 Calculate rejection as follows:Rejection, % 5 1 2 Kp/Kf! 3100!19. Precision and Bias19.1 The precision of the test method for permeate flow rateof nanofiltration devices is as follows:D4194 03 (2014)6So5 0.016X 2 4.542St5 0.058X 2 17.411where:So= single-operator precision, mL/min,St= overall p
26、recision, mL/min, andX = determined permeate flow rate of reverse osmosisdevice, mL/min.19.2 The precision of the test method for salt passage ofreverse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.1669 2 0.0015YSt5 0.668410.026Ywhere:So= single-operator precision, salt passage expressed aspercent,St= overal
27、l precision, salt passage expressed as percent,andY = determined salt passage of reverse osmosis device,expressed as percent.19.3 Seven laboratories, each using a single operators,performed the testing at two concentration levels (500 mg/Land 5000 mg/L) using three different nanofiltration devices(t
28、ubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber).19.4 Since the test method determines the operating char-acteristics of nanofiltration devices on a relative basis, no truevalues can be assigned and thus the determination of the biasis not applicable.TEST METHOD CSEAWATER REVERSE OSMOSISDEVICES20. Scope20.1
29、This test method covers the determination of theoperating characteristics of seawater reverse osmosis devicesusing standard test conditions and can be used for both spiralwound and hollow fiber devices.21. Summary of Test Method21.1 The test method uses a 30 000 mg/L sodium chloridefeed solution. Op
30、tional sodium chloride feed solutions are alsogiven.22. Reagents and Materials22.1 Sodium Chloride Feed Solution (30.0 g/L)Dissolveenough sodium chloride (NaCl) in water to make a solutioncontaining in each litre 30.0 g of NaCl.22.2 Sodium Chloride Feed Solutions, OptionalOtherconcentrations of sodi
31、um chloride solutions, for example, 32.8g/L or 35.0 g/L of NaCl can be used.23. Procedure23.1 Start-up and Operating Procedure:23.1.1 If the reverse osmosis device contains sanitizing orwinterizing agents, or both, flush the device in accordance withthe suppliers recommendations.23.1.2 Perform any p
32、osttreatments (if required) on thereverse osmosis device in accordance with the suppliersrecommendations.23.1.3 Make preliminary checks to make sure all fittings aretight, all components are operational, and the feed solution is atthe proper concentration and temperature. Before energizingthe high-p
33、ressure pump, the low-pressure switch must be offfor start-up to complete the circuit past the low-pressure cutout.Energize the high-pressure pump momentarily to check properrotation.23.1.4 Open the feed supply valve, the concentrate flowcontrol valve, the pump bypass on the positive displacementfee
34、d pump, or the centrifugal pump throttling valve. Start thebooster pump and then the high-pressure pump.23.1.5 Bring the feed pressure to a gage pressure that is inaccordance with the specifications of membrane manufacturerfor a given element model. It is possible that the bypass valveor the throttl
35、ing valve (depending on pump system) and theconcentrate flow control valve may need to be adjustedsimultaneously. If necessary, another pressure agreed uponbetween the user and the supplier may be used.23.1.6 Set concentrate flow in accordance with the suppli-ers recommendation by adjusting the conc
36、entrate flow controlvalve. But maintain conversion within 62 % of suppliersrecommendation.23.1.7 Recheck and adjust if necessary both the concentrateflow and feed pressure to give the selected values for flow andpressure.23.1.8 Check and adjust the cooling system in the feedsolution to give a permea
37、te temperature of 25 6 1C.23.1.9 Once sustained operation is attained, energize thelow-pressure shut-off switch.23.2 Data Recording:23.2.1 One hour after start-up, measure and record on a datasheet the inlet and outlet pressures of the filter and the feed,concentrate, and permeate pressures.23.2.2 A
38、t the same time, measure and record the permeateand concentrate flows using the calibrated flowmeters or acalibrated volume container and stopwatch.23.2.3 Also at the same time, measure and record thepermeate temperature and the conductivity of the feed,permeate, and concentrate, using a conductivit
39、y meter, ordetermine the chloride content of the three streams in accor-dance with Test Methods D512.23.2.4 Repeat the above measurements 2 to 3 h after start-upand hourly thereafter until three successive permeate flow rates(corrected to 25C) and salt passages agree within 5 % (rela-tive). Industry
40、 manufacturers generally report performancespecifications based on a 20 to 30 min test.23.2.5 All data shall be obtained using the specified condi-tions of temperature, pressure, and conversion. If any of theseparameters need adjusting, allow 1 h after making adjustmentsbefore collecting data.23.3 S
41、hutdown Procedure:23.3.1 Adjust the bypass valve or throttling valve to reducethe pressure.23.3.2 Depress the stop buttons on the high-pressure pumpmotor and the booster pump motor.D4194 03 (2014)723.3.3 Shut off the feed supply valve (shutoff valve).23.3.4 Allow the pressure to reach zero before di
42、sconnect-ing the reverse osmosis device or carrying out maintenance onthe piping.23.3.5 If the test system is to be left out of service, flushwith Type III reagent water to minimize corrosion.23.3.6 Flush the reverse osmosis device based on suppliersrecommendations with respect to time between test
43、completionand flushing, water quality used for flushing and flushingprocedure.23.3.7 Take care to ensure that the membranes are kept wetat all times and are properly sanitized or winterized or both(based on suppliers recommendation) for long-term storage(more than 5 days).24. Calculation24.1 Calcula
44、te the feed flow rate as follows:Qf5 Qp1Qcwhere:Qf= feed flow rate,Qp= permeate flow rate, andQc= concentrate flow rate.24.1.1 The permeate flow rate (Qp) should be corrected to25C using the suppliers correction factor, or, if unavailable, a3 % per degree correction factor can be used.24.2 Calculate
45、 the conversion as follows:Conversion, % 5 Qp/Qf310024.3 Calculate the salt passage as follows:Salt passage, % 5 Cp/Cf3100 or 1 2 Cf1Cc!/2!/Cf! 3 100!where:Cp= concentration of salt in permeate,Cf= concentration of salt in feed, andCc= concentration of salt in concentrate.NOTE 3Salt concentration ca
46、n be calculated from chloride ionanalyses or conductivity but if conductivity is used, it must first beconverted to concentration from calibration curves because conductivity isnot a linear function of concentration over the large range involved in thismethod.24.4 Calculate the rejection as follows:
47、Rejection, % 5 1 2 Cp/Cf! 310025. Precision and Bias525.1 The precision of the test method for permeate flow rateof reverse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.017X12.750ST5 0.068X12.000where:So= single-operator precision, mL/min,ST= overall precision, mL/min, andX = determined permeate flow rate of
48、 reverse osmosisdevice, mL/min (range 496 to 594 mL/min for hollowfiber and 1833 to 2190 mL/min for spiral devices).25.2 The precision of the test method for salt passage ofreverse osmosis devices is as follows:So5 0.0208Y10.0120ST5 0.1786Y 2 0.0700where:So= single-operator precision, salt passage e
49、xpressed aspercent,ST= overall precision, salt passage expressed as percent,andY = determined salt passage of reverse osmosis device,expressed as percent (range 0.76 to 0.99 % for hollowfiber and 3.48 to 5.59 % for spiral devices).25.3 Four laboratories, each using two operators, performedthe testing using two different reverse osmosis devices (spiralwound and hollow fiber).25.4 Since the test method determines the operating char-acteristics of reverse osmosis devices on a relative basis, notrue values can be assigned and thus th
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