ASTM D4220-1995(2007) Standard Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples《保存和运输土壤样品的标准实施规程》.pdf

1、Designation: D 4220 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practices forPreserving and Transporting Soil Samples1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev

2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These practices cover procedures for preser

3、ving soilsamples immediately after they are obtained in the field andaccompanying procedures for transporting and handling thesamples.1.2 LimitationsThese practices are not intended to ad-dress requirements applicable to transporting of soil samplesknown or suspected to contain hazardous materials.1

4、.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7.2

5、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and

6、Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 4564 Test Method for Densi

7、ty of Soil in Place by theSleeve MethodD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone3. Terminology3.1 Terminology in these practices is in accordance withTerminology D 653.4. Summary of Practices4.1 The various procedures are given under four groupingsas follows:4.1.1 Group ASamples for which

8、only general visualidentification is necessary.4.1.2 Group BSamples for which only water content andclassification tests, proctor and relative density, or profilelogging is required, and bulk samples that will be remolded orcompacted into specimens for swell pressure, percent swell,consolidation, pe

9、rmeability, shear testing, CBR, stabilimeter,etc.4.1.3 Group CIntact, naturally formed or field fabricated,samples for density determinations; or for swell pressure,percent swell, consolidation, permeability testing and sheartesting with or without stress-strain and volume change mea-surements, to i

10、nclude dynamic and cyclic testing.4.1.4 Group DSamples that are fragile or highly sensitivefor which tests in Group C are required.4.2 The procedure(s) to be used should be included in theproject specifications or defined by the designated responsibleperson.5. Significance and Use5.1 Use of the vari

11、ous procedures recommended in thesepractices is dependent on the type of samples obtained (Prac-tice D 420), the type of testing and engineering propertiesrequired, the fragility and sensitivity of the soil, and the1These practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and

12、are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 4220 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit th

13、e ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100

14、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.climatic conditions. In all cases, the primary purpose is topreserve the desired inherent conditions.5.2 The procedures presented in these practices were prima-rily developed for soil samples that are to be tested foreng

15、ineering properties, however, they may be applicable forsamples of soil and other materials obtained for other purposes.6. Apparatus6.1 The type of materials and containers needed dependupon the conditions and requirements listed under the fourgroupings A to D in Section 4, and also on the climate a

16、ndtransporting mode and distance.6.1.1 Sealing Wax, includes microcrystalline wax, paraffin,beeswax, ceresine, carnaubawax, or combinations thereof.6.1.2 Metal Disks, about116 in. (about 2 mm) thick andhaving a diameter slightly less than the inside diameter of thetube, liner, or ring and to be used

17、 in union with wax or caps andtape, or both.6.1.3 Wood Disks, prewaxed, 1 in. (25 mm) thick and havinga diameter slightly less than the inside diameter of the liner ortube.6.1.4 Tape, either waterproof plastic, adhesive friction, orduct tape.6.1.5 Cheesecloth, to be used in union with wax in alterna

18、-tive layers.6.1.6 Caps, either plastic, rubber or metal, to be placed overthe end of thin-walled tubes (Practice D 1587), liners and rings(Practice D 3550), in union with tape or wax.6.1.7 Oring (Sealing End Caps), used to seal the ends ofsamples within thin-walled tubes, by mechanically expandinga

19、n Oring against the tube wall.NOTE 1Plastic expandable end caps are preferred. Metal expandableend caps seal equally well; however, long-term storage may causecorrosion problems.6.1.8 Jars, wide mouthed, with rubber-ringed lids or lidslined with a coated paper seal and of a size to comfortablyreceiv

20、e the sample, commonly12 pt (250 mL), 1 pt (500 mL)and quart-sized (1000 mL).6.1.9 Bag, either plastic, burlap with liner, burlap or clothtype (Practice D 1452).6.1.10 Packing Material, to protect against vibration andshock.6.1.11 Insulation, either granule (bead), sheet or foam type,to resist tempe

21、rature change of soil or to prevent freezing.6.1.12 Sample Cube Boxes, for transporting cube (block)samples. Constructed with12 to34 in. (13 to 19 mm) thickplywood (marine type).6.1.13 Cylindrical Sample Containers, somewhat larger indimension than the thin-walled tube or liner samples, such ascylin

22、drical frozen food cartons.6.1.14 Shipping Containers, either box or cylindrical typeand of proper construction to protect against vibration, shock,and the elements, to the degree required.NOTE 2The length, girth and weight restrictions for commercialtransportation must be considered.6.1.15 Identifi

23、cation MaterialThis includes the necessarywriting pens, tags, and labels to properly identify thesample(s).7. Precautions7.1 Special instructions, descriptions, and marking of con-tainers must accompany any sample that may include radioac-tive, chemical, toxic, or other contaminant material.7.2 Inte

24、rstate transportation containment, storage, and dis-posal of soil samples obtained from certain areas within theUnited States and the transportation of foreign soils into orthrough the United States are subject to regulations establishedby the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal, and PlantHealth

25、Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs, andpossibly to regulations of other federal, state, or local agencies.7.2.1 Samples shipped by way of common carrier or U.S.Postal Service must comply with the Department of Transpor-tation Hazardous Materials Regulation, 49CRF Part 172.7.3 Sample t

26、raceability records (see Fig. 1) are encouragedand should be required for suspected contaminated samples.7.3.1 The possession of all samples must be traceable, fromcollection to shipment to laboratory to disposition, and shouldbe handled by as few persons as possible.7.3.2 The sample collector(s) sh

27、ould be responsible forinitiating the sample traceability record; recording the project,sample identification and location, sample type, date, and thenumber and types of containers.7.3.3 A separate traceability record shall accompany eachshipment.7.3.4 When transferring the possession of samples the

28、person(s) relinquishing and receiving the samples shall sign,date, record the time, and check for completeness of thetraceability record.8. Procedure8.1 All SamplesProperly identify samples with tags, la-bels, and markings prior to transporting them as follows:8.1.1 Job name or number, or both,8.1.2

29、 Sampling date,8.1.3 Sample/boring number and location,8.1.4 Depth or elevation, or both,8.1.5 Sample orientation,8.1.6 Special shipping or laboratory handling instructions,or both, including sampling orientation, and8.1.7 Penetration test data, if applicable (Test MethodD 1586).8.1.8 Subdivided sam

30、ples must be identified while main-taining association to the original sample.8.1.9 If required, sample traceability record.8.2 Group ATransport samples in any type of container byway of available transportation. If transported commercially,the container need only meet the minimum requirements of th

31、etransporting agency and any other requirements necessary toassure against sample loss.8.3 Group B:8.3.1 Preserve and transport these samples in sealed, mois-tureproof containers. All containers shall be of sufficientthickness and strength to ensure against breakage and moistureloss. The container t

32、ypes include: plastic bags or pails, glass orplastic (provided they are waterproof) jars, thin walled tubes,liners, and rings. Wrap cylindrical and cube samples in suitableD 4220 95 (2007)2plastic film or aluminum foil, or both, (Note 3) and coat withseveral layers of wax, or seal in several layers

33、of cheeseclothand wax.8.3.2 Transport these samples by any available transporta-tion. Ship these samples as prepared or placed in largershipping containers, including bags, cardboard, or woodenboxes or barrels.NOTE 3Some soils may cause holes to develop in aluminum foil, dueto corrosion. Avoid direc

34、t contact where adverse affects to samplecomposition are a concern.8.3.3 Plastic BagsPlace the plastic bags as tightly aspossible around the sample, squeezing out as much air aspossible. They shall be 3 mil or thicker to prevent leakage.8.3.4 Glass-Plastic JarsIf the jar lids are not rubberringed or

35、 lined with new waxed paper seals, seal the lids withwax.8.3.5 Plastic PailsIf the plastic pail lids are not air tight,seal them with wax or tape.8.3.6 Thin-Walled Tubes:8.3.6.1 Expandable PackersThe preferred method ofsealing sample ends within tubes is with plastic, expandablepackers.8.3.6.2 Wax W

36、ith DisksFor short-term sealing, paraffinwax is acceptable. For long term sealing (in excess of 3 days)use microcrystalline waxes or combine with up to 15 %beeswax or resin, for better adherence to the wall of the tubeand to reduce shrinkage. Several thin layers of wax arepreferred over one thick la

37、yer. The minimum final thicknessshall be 0.4 in. (10 mm).8.3.6.3 End CapsSeal metal, rubber, or plastic end capswith tape. For long term storage (longer than 3 days), also dipthem in wax, applying two or more layers of wax.8.3.6.4 Cheesecloth and WaxUse alternating layers (aminimum of two each) of c

38、heesecloth and wax to seal each endof the tube and stabilize the sample.NOTE 4Where necessary, spacers or appropriate packing materials, orboth, must be placed prior to sealing the tube ends to provide properconfinement. Packing material must be nonabsorbent and must maintainits properties to provid

39、e the same degree of continued sample support.8.3.7 Liners and RingsRefer to 8.3.6.3 or 8.3.6.4.8.3.8 Exposed Samples:8.3.8.1 Cylindrical, Cubical or Other Samples Wrapped inPlastic, such as polyethylene and polypropylene, or foil shouldbe further protected with a minimum of three coats of wax.FIG.

40、1 Example Layout of Record FormD 4220 95 (2007)38.3.8.2 Cylindrical and Cube Samples Wrapped in Cheese-cloth and Wax, shall be sealed with a minimum of three layersof each, placed alternatively.8.3.8.3 Carton Samples (Frozen Food Cartons)Samplesplaced in these containers must be situated so that wax

41、 can bepoured completely around the sample. The wax should fill thevoid between the sample and container wall. The wax shouldbe sufficiently warm to flow, but not so hot that it penetrates thepores of the soil. Generally, the samples should be wrapped inplastic or foil before being surrounded with w

42、ax.8.4 Group C:8.4.1 Preserve and seal these samples in containers ascovered in 8.3. In addition, they must be protected againstvibration and shock, and protected from extreme heat or cold.8.4.2 Samples transported by the sampling or testing agencypersonnel on seats of automobiles and trucks need on

43、ly beplaced in cardboard boxes, or similar containers into which thesealed samples fit snugly, preventing bumping, rolling, drop-ping, etc.8.4.3 For all other methods of transporting samples, includ-ing automobile trunk, bus, parcel services, truck, boat, air, etc.,place the sealed samples in wood,

44、metal, or other type ofsuitable shipping containers that provide cushioning or insula-tion, or both, for each sample and container.Avoid transportingby any agency whose handling of containers is suspect.8.4.4 The cushioning material (sawdust, rubber, polysty-rene, urethane foam, or material with sim

45、ilar resiliency) shouldcompletely encase each sample. The cushioning between thesamples and walls of the shipping containers should have aminimum thickness of 1 in. (25 mm). A minimum thickness of2 in. (50 mm) shall be provided on the container floor.8.4.5 When required, the samples should be shippe

46、d in thesame orientation in which they were sampled. Otherwise,special conditions shall be provided such as freezing, con-trolled drainage, or sufficient confinement, or a combinationthereof, to maintain sample integrity.8.5 Group D:8.5.1 The requirements of 8.4 must be met, in addition to thefollow

47、ing:8.5.1.1 Samples should be handled in the same orientationin which they were sampled, including during transportation orshipping, with appropriate markings on the shipping container.8.5.1.2 For all modes of private or commercial transporta-tion, the loading, transporting and unloading of the ship

48、mentcontainers should be supervised as much as possible by aqualified person.NOTE 5A qualified person may be an engineer, geologist, soilscientist, soils technician or responsible person designated by the projectmanager.8.6 Shipping Containers (see Figs. 2-7 for typical contain-ers):8.6.1 The follow

49、ing features should be included in thedesign of the shipping container for Groups C and D.8.6.1.1 It should be reuseable,8.6.1.2 It should be constructed so that the samples can bemaintained, at all times, in the same position as when sampledor packed, or both,8.6.1.3 It should include sufficient packing material tocushion or isolate, or both, the tubes from the adverse effect ofvibration and shock, and8.6.1.4 It should include sufficient insulating material toprevent freezing, sublimation and thawing, or undesirabletemperature changes.8.6.2 Wood Shippin