1、Designation: D4253 00 (Reapproved 2006)D4253 14Standard Test Methods forMaximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using aVibratory Table1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4253; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 T
3、hese test methods cover the determination of the maximumindexmaximum-index dry density/unit weight of cohesionless,free-draining soils using a vertically vibrating table. The adjective “dry before density or unit weight is omitted in the title andremaining portions of this standard to be consistent
4、with the applicable definition given in Section 33 on Terminology.1.2 Systems of Units:1.2.1 The testing apparatus described in this standard has been developed and manufactured using values in the gravimetric orinch-pound system. Therefore, test apparatus dimensions and mass given in inch-pound uni
5、ts are regarded as the standard.1.2.2 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) anda unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitationalsystem. It i
6、s scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. Thisstandard has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system, thepound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). Howeve
7、r, balances or scales measure mass; and weight must be calculated. In theinch-pound system, it is common to assume that 1 lbf is equal to 1 lbm. While reporting density is not regarded as nonconformancewith this standard, unit weights should be calculated and reported since the results may be used t
8、o determine force or stress.1.2.3 The terms density and unit weight are often used interchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume whereas unit weightis force per unit volume. In this standard density is given only in SI units. After the density has been determined, the unit weightis calculated in
9、SI or inch-pound units, or both.1.3 Four alternative methods are provided to determine the maximum index density/unit weight, as follows:1.3.1 Method 1AUsing oven-dried soil and an electromagnetic, vertically vibrating table.1.3.2 Method 1BUsing wet soil and an electromagnetic, vertically vibrating
10、table.1.3.3 Method 2AUsing oven-dried soil and an eccentric or cam-driven, vertically vibrating table.1.3.4 Method 2BUsing wet soil and an eccentric or cam-driven vertically vibrating table.1.4 The method to be used should be specified by the individual assigning the test.1.4.1 The type of table to
11、be used (Method 1 or 2) is likely to be decided based upon available equipment.NOTE 1There is evidence to show that electromagnetic tables yield slightly higher values of maximum index density/unit weight than the eccentricor cam-driven tables.1.4.2 It is recommended that both the dry and wet method
12、s (Methods 1A and 1B or 2A and 2B) be performed when beginninga new job or encountering a change in soil types, as the wet method can yield significantly higher values of maximum indexdensity/unit weight for some soils. Such a higher maximum index density, when considered along with the minimum inde
13、xdensity/unit weight, Test Methods D4254, will be found to significantly affect the value of the relative density (3.2.8) calculatedfor a soil encountered in the field. While the dry method is often preferred because results can usually be obtained more quickly,as a general rule the wet method shoul
14、d be used if it is established that it produces maximum index densities/unit weights thatwould significantly affect the use/application of the value of relative density.1 This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
15、D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity andDensity Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006Dec. 15, 2014. Published March 2006January 2015. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 asD4253 00. 00(2006). DOI: 10.1520/D4253-00R06.10.1520/D4253-14.This documen
16、t is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as app
17、ropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
18、ates11.5 These test methods are applicable to soils that may contain up to 15 %, by dry mass, of soil particles passing a No. 200(75-m) sieve, provided they still have cohesionless, free-draining characteristics (nominal sieve dimensions are in accordancewith Specification E11). Further, these test
19、methods are applicable to soils in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a3-in. (75-mm) sieve.1.5.1 Soils, for the purpose of these test methods, shall be regarded as naturally occurring cohesionless soils, processed particles,or composites or mixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of nat
20、ural and processed particles, provided they are free draining.1.6 These test methods will typically produce a higher maximum dry density/unit weight for cohesionless, free-draining soilsthan that obtained by impact compaction in which a well-defined moisture-density relationship is not apparent. How
21、ever, for somesoils containing between 5 and 15 % fines, the use of impact compaction (Test Methods D698 or D1557) may be useful inevaluating what is an appropriate maximum index density/unit weight.1.7 These test methods will typically produce a lower maximum dry density/unit weight than that obtai
22、ned by vibrating hammerusing Test Method D7382.1.8 For many types of free-draining, cohesionless soils, these test methods cause a moderate amount of degradation (particlebreakdown) of the soil. When degradation occurs, typically there is an increase in the maximum index density/unit weightobtained,
23、 and comparable test results may not be obtained when different size molds are used to test a given soil.1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.9.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated va
24、lue(s) to specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shallbe rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.1.9.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition,
25、 they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce signifi
26、cant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
27、 It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorptio
28、n of Coarse AggregateD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of So
29、il Solids by Water PycnometerD1140 Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by WashingD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Dete
30、rmination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agenci
31、es Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in
32、 Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisD7382 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum Dry Unit Weight and Water Content Range for Effecti
33、ve Compaction ofGranular Soils Using a Vibrating HammerE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method2 For ref
34、erencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D4253 1423. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common definitions in this s
35、tandard refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Terms:3.2.1 dry density/unit weight, d or d, nthe dry density/unit weight of a soil deposit or fill at the given void ratio.3.2.2 given void ratio, e, nthe in situ or stated void ratio of a soil deposit or fill.3.2.
36、3 maximum index density/unit weight, dmax or dmax, nthe reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the densest stateof compactness that can be attained using a standard laboratory compaction procedure that minimizes particle segregation andbreakdown.3.2.4 maximum index void ratio, emax, nthe ref
37、erence void ratio of a soil at the minimum index density/unit weight.3.2.5 minimum index density/unit weight, dmin or dmin, nthe reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the loosest stateof compactness at which it can be placed using a standard laboratory procedure, which prevents bulking and
38、minimizes particlesegregation.3.2.6 minimum index void ratio, emin, nthe reference void ratio of a soil at the maximum index density/unit weight.3.2.7 relative density, Dd, nthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between the maximum index void ratio andany given void ratio of a cohe
39、sionless, free-draining soil; to the difference between its maximum and minimum index void ratios.The equation is as follows:Dd5 emax2eemax2emin3100 (1)or, in terms of corresponding dry densitiesDd5dmax d2dmin!d dmax2dmin!3100 (2)3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe equation for relative density is as follows:Dd5
40、emax2eemax2emin3100 (1)or, in terms of corresponding dry densitiesDd5dmax d2dmin!d dmax2dmin!3100 (2)in terms of corresponding or dry unit weightsDd5dmax d2dmin!d dmax2dmin! (3)in terms of corresponding or dry unit weightsDd5dmax d2dmin!d dmax2dmin! (3)3.2.8 percent compaction or relative compaction
41、, Rc, nthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the dry density/unit weight ofa given soil to its maximum index density/unit weight. The equation is:Rc5 ddmax 3100 (4)orRc5 ddmax3100 (5)3.2.8.1 DiscussionThe equation for percent compaction or relative compaction is:D4253 143Rc5 ddmax 3100 (4)orRc5 d
42、dmax3100 (5)3.2.9 density index, Idthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between any given dry density/unit weight andthe minimum index density/unit weight of a given cohesionless soil to the difference between its maximum and minimum indexdensities/unit weights. The equation is:Id
43、5d2 dmindmax2dmin 3100 (6)orI d5 d2dmindmax2dmin (7)3.2.9.1 DiscussionThe equation for density index is:Id5d2 dmindmax2dmin 3100 (6)orI d5 d2dmindmax2dmin (7)4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The maximum index density/unit weight of a given free-draining soil is determined by placing either oven-dried or
44、 wet soilin a mold, applying a 2-lb/in.2 (14-kPa) surcharge (dead weight) to the surface of the soil, and then vertically vibrating the mold,soil, and surcharge. Use either an electromagnetic, eccentric, or cam-driven vibrating table having a sinusoid-like time-verticaldisplacement relationship at a
45、 double amplitude of vertical vibration (peak-to-peak) of about 0.013 6 0.002 in. (0.33 mm) for 8min at 60 Hz or about 0.019 in. (0.48 mm) for 10 min at 50 Hz. 6 0.05 mm) at a frequency of 60 Hz for 8.00 6 0.25 minutesor 0.019 6 0.003 in. (0.48 6 0.08 mm) at 50 Hz for 10.00 60.25 minutes. The maximu
46、m index density/unit weight is calculatedby dividing the oven-dried mass/weightmass of the densified soil by its volume (average height of densified soil times area ofmold).5. Significance and Use5.1 For many cohesionless, free-draining soils, the maximum index density/unit weight is one of the key
47、components inevaluating the state of compactness of a given soil mass that is either naturally occurring or placed by man (fill).duringconstruction.5.1.1 Relative density and percent compaction are commonly used for evaluating the state of compactness of a given soil mass.Density/unit weight index i
48、s also sometimes used. See Section 3 for descriptions of terms.5.2 It is generally recognized that either relative density or percent compaction is a good indicator of the state of compactnessof a given soil mass. However, the engineering properties, such as strength, compressibility, and permeabili
49、ty of a given soil,compacted by various methods to a given state of compactness can vary considerably. Therefore, considerable engineeringjudgment must be used in relating the engineering properties of soil to the state of compactness.5.3 An absolute maximum density/unit weight is not necessarily obtained by these test methods.NOTE 2In addition, there are published data to indicate that these test methods have a high degree of variability.3 However, the variability can begreatly reduced
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