1、Designation: D4253 14D4253 16Standard Test Methods forMaximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using aVibratory Table1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4253; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods
3、cover the determination of the maximum-index dry density/unit weight of cohesionless, free-drainingsoils using a vertically vibrating table.The adjective “dry before density or unit weight is omitted in the title and remaining portionsof this standard to be consistent with the applicable definition
4、given in Section 3 on Terminology.1.2 Systems of Units:1.2.1 The testing apparatus described in this standard has been developed and manufactured using values in the gravimetric orinch-pound system. Therefore, test apparatus dimensions and mass given in inch-pound units are regarded as the standard.
5、1.2.2 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) anda unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitationalsystem. It is scientifically undesirable to
6、combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. Thisstandard has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system, thepound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, balances or scales measure ma
7、ss; and weight must be calculated. In theinch-pound system, it is common to assume that 1 lbf is equal to 1 lbm. While reporting density is not regarded as nonconformancewith this standard, unit weights should be calculated and reported since the results may be used to determine force or stress.1.2.
8、3 The terms density and unit weight are often used interchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume whereas unit weightis force per unit volume. In this standard density is given only in SI units. After the density has been determined, the unit weightis calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.
9、1.3 Four alternative methods are provided to determine the maximum index density/unit weight, as follows:1.3.1 Method 1AUsing oven-dried soil and an electromagnetic, vertically vibrating table.1.3.2 Method 1BUsing wet soil and an electromagnetic, vertically vibrating table.1.3.3 Method 2AUsing oven-
10、dried soil and an eccentric or cam-driven, vertically vibrating table.1.3.4 Method 2BUsing wet soil and an eccentric or cam-driven vertically vibrating table.1.4 The method to be used should be specified by the individual assigning the test.1.4.1 The type of table to be used (Method 1 or 2) is likel
11、y to be decided based upon available equipment.NOTE 1There is evidence to show that electromagnetic tables yield slightly higher values of maximum index density/unit weight than the eccentricor cam-driven tables.1.4.2 It is recommended that both the dry and wet methods (Methods 1A and 1B or 2A and 2
12、B) be performed when beginninga new job or encountering a change in soil types, as the wet method can yield significantly higher values of maximum indexdensity/unit weight for some soils. Such a higher maximum index density, when considered along with the minimum indexdensity/unit weight, Test Metho
13、ds D4254, will be found to significantly affect the value of the relative density (3.2.8) calculatedfor a soil encountered in the field. While the dry method is often preferred because results can usually be obtained more quickly,as a general rule the wet method should be used if it is established t
14、hat it produces maximum index densities/unit weights thatwould significantly affect the use/application of the value of relative density.1 This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity an
15、dDensity Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2014March 1, 2016. Published January 2015March 2016. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20062014as D4253 00(2006). 14. DOI: 10.1520/D4253-14.10.1520/D4253-16.This document is not an ASTM standard and is i
16、ntended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the cu
17、rrent versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.5 These test methods are ap
18、plicable to soils that may contain up to 15 %, by dry mass, of soil particles passing a No. 200(75-m) sieve, provided they still have cohesionless, free-draining characteristics (nominal sieve dimensions are in accordancewith Specification E11). Further, these test methods are applicable to soils in
19、 which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a3-in. (75-mm) sieve.1.5.1 Soils, for the purpose of these test methods, shall be regarded as naturally occurring cohesionless soils, processed particles,or composites or mixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processed particles, prov
20、ided they are free draining.1.6 These test methods will typically produce a higher maximum dry density/unit weight for cohesionless, free-draining soilsthan that obtained by impact compaction in which a well-defined moisture-density relationship is not apparent. However, for somesoils containing bet
21、ween 5 and 15 % fines, the use of impact compaction (Test Methods D698 or D1557) may be useful inevaluating what is an appropriate maximum index density/unit weight.1.7 These test methods will typically produce a lower maximum dry density/unit weight than that obtained by vibrating hammerusing Test
22、Method D7382.1.8 For many types of free-draining, cohesionless soils, these test methods cause a moderate amount of degradation (particlebreakdown) of the soil. When degradation occurs, typically there is an increase in the maximum index density/unit weightobtained, and comparable test results may n
23、ot be obtained when different size molds are used to test a given soil.1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.9.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) to specified limits, the me
24、asured or calculated value(s) shallbe rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.1.9.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the si
25、gnificant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
26、 commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the us
27、er of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse AggregateD653 Terminology Relati
28、ng to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water PycnometerD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soi
29、l Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Iden
30、tification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Densi
31、tyD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisD738
32、2 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum Dry Unit Weight and Water Content Range for Effective Compaction ofGranular Soils Using a Vibrating HammerE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practi
33、ce for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
34、page on the ASTM website.D4253 1623. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common definitions in this standard refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms:3.2.1 dry density/unit weight, d or d, nthe dry density/unit weight of a soil deposit or fill at the given void ratio.3.2.2 given void ratio, e, n
35、the in situ or stated void ratio of a soil deposit or fill.3.2.3 maximum index density/unit weight, dmax or dmax, nthe reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the densest stateof compactness that can be attained using a standard laboratory compaction procedure that minimizes particle segregat
36、ion andbreakdown.3.2.4 maximum index void ratio, emax, nthe reference void ratio of a soil at the minimum index density/unit weight.3.2.5 minimum index density/unit weight, dmin or dmin, nthe reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the loosest stateof compactness at which it can be placed usi
37、ng a standard laboratory procedure, which prevents bulking and minimizes particlesegregation.3.2.6 minimum index void ratio, emin, nthe reference void ratio of a soil at the maximum index density/unit weight.3.2.7 relative density, Dd, nthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between
38、 the maximum index void ratio andany given void ratio of a cohesionless, free-draining soil; to the difference between its maximum and minimum index void ratios.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe equation for relative density is as follows:Dd5 emax2eemax2emin3100 (1)or, in terms of corresponding dry densitiesDd5
39、dmax d2dmin!d dmax2dmin!3100 (2)in terms of corresponding or dry unit weightsDd5dmax d2dmin!d dmax2dmin! (3)3.2.8 percent compaction or relative compaction, Rc, nthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the dry density/unit weight ofa given soil to its maximum index density/unit weight.3.2.8.1 Discu
40、ssionThe equation for percent compaction or relative compaction is:Rc5 ddmax 3100 (4)orRc5 ddmax3100 (5)3.2.9 density index, Idthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between any given dry density/unit weight andthe minimum index density/unit weight of a given cohesionless soil to th
41、e difference between its maximum and minimum indexdensities/unit weights.3.2.9.1 DiscussionThe equation for density index is:Id5d2 dmindmax2dmin 3100 (6)orI d5 d2dmindmax2dmin (7)D4253 1634. Summary of Test Method4.1 The maximum index density/unit weight of a given free-draining soil is determined b
42、y placing either oven-dried or wet soilin a mold, applying a 2-lb/in.2 (14-kPa) surcharge (dead weight) to the surface of the soil, and then vertically vibrating the mold,soil, and surcharge. Use either an electromagnetic, eccentric, or cam-driven vibrating table having a sinusoid-like time-vertical
43、displacement relationship at a double amplitude of vertical vibration (peak-to-peak) of about 0.013 6 0.002 in. (0.33 6 0.05 mm)at a frequency of 60 Hz for 8.00 6 0.25 minutes or 0.019 6 0.003 in. (0.48 6 0.08 mm) at 50 Hz for 10.00 60.25 minutes. Themaximum index density/unit weight is calculated b
44、y dividing the oven-dried mass of the densified soil by its volume (averageheight of densified soil times area of mold).5. Significance and Use5.1 For many cohesionless, free-draining soils, the maximum index density/unit weight is one of the key components inevaluating the state of compactness of a
45、 given soil mass that is either naturally occurring or placed during construction.5.1.1 Relative density and percent compaction are commonly used for evaluating the state of compactness of a given soil mass.Density/unit weight index is also sometimes used. See Section 3 for descriptions of terms.5.2
46、 It is generally recognized that either relative density or percent compaction is a good indicator of the state of compactnessof a given soil mass. However, the engineering properties, such as strength, compressibility, and permeability of a given soil,compacted by various methods to a given state o
47、f compactness can vary considerably. Therefore, considerable engineeringjudgment must be used in relating the engineering properties of soil to the state of compactness.5.3 An absolute maximum density/unit weight is not necessarily obtained by these test methods.NOTE 2In addition, there are publishe
48、d data to indicate that these test methods have a high degree of variability.3 However, the variability can begreatly reduced by careful calibration of equipment, including the vibrating table, and careful attention to proper test procedure and technique.NOTE 3The quality of the result produced by t
49、his standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740, generally, are considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5.4 The double amplitu
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