1、Designation: D4254 14D4254 16Standard Test Methods forMinimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils andCalculation of Relative Density1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4254; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These t
3、est methods cover the determination of the minimum-index dry density/unit weight of cohesionless, free-drainingsoils. The adjective “dry” before density or unit weight is omitted in the title and remaining portions of this standards to be beconsistent with the applicable definitions given in Section
4、 3 on Terminology.1.2 System of Units:1.2.1 The testing apparatus described in this standard has been developed and manufactured using values in the gravimetric orinch-pound system. Therefore, test apparatus dimensions and mass given in inch-pound units are regarded as the standard.1.2.2 It is commo
5、n practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) anda unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitationalsystem. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use o
6、f two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. Thistest method has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system, thepound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, balances or scales measure mass; and weight
7、 must be calculated. In theinch-pound system, it is common to assume that 1 lbf is equal to 1 lbm. While reporting density is not regarded as nonconformancewith this standard, unit weights should be calculated and reported since the results may be used to determine force or stress.1.2.3 The terms de
8、nsity and unit weight are often used interchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume, whereas unit weightis force per unit volume. In this standard, density is given only in SI units. After the density has been determined, the unit weightis calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.1.3 Three al
9、ternative methods are provided to determine the minimum index density/unit weight, as follows:1.3.1 Method AUsing a funnel pouring device or a hand scoop to place material in mold.1.3.2 Method BDepositing material into a mold by extracting a soil filled tube.1.3.3 Method C 2Depositing material by in
10、verting a graduated cylinder.1.4 The method to be used should be specified by the agency requesting the test. If no method is specified, the provisions ofMethod A shall govern. Test Method A is the preferred procedure for determining minimum index density/unit weight as used inconjunction with the p
11、rocedures ofTest Methods D4253. Methods B and C are provided for guidance of testing used in conjunctionwith special studies, especially where there is not enough material available to use a 0.100 ft3 (2830 cm3) or 0.500 ft3 (14 200 cm3)mold as required by Method A.1.5 These test methods are applica
12、ble to soils that may contain up to 15 %, by dry mass, of soil particles passing a No. 200(75-m) sieve, provided they still have cohesionless, free-draining characteristics (nominal sieve dimensions are in accordancewith Specification E11).1.5.1 Method A is applicable to soils in which 100 %, by dry
13、 mass, of soil particles pass a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and which maycontain up to 30 %, by dry mass, of soil particles retained on a 112-inch (37.5-mm) sieve.1.5.2 Method B is applicable to soils in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a 34-inch (19.0-mm) sieve.1.5.3 Method C is applicable
14、only to fine and medium sands in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a 38-in.(9.5-mm) sieve and which may contain up to 10 %, by dry mass, of soil particles retained on a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is th
15、e direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2014March 1, 2016. Published January 2015March 2016. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20062014as D4254 00 (2006)D4254 14.1. DOI: 1
16、0.1520/D4254-14.10.1520/D4254-16.2 Kolbuszewski, J. J., “An Experimental Study of the Maximum and Minimum Porosities of Sands,” Proceedings, Second International Conference on Soil Mechanicsand Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam Vol I, 1948, pp. 158165.This document is not an ASTM standard and is int
17、ended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the curr
18、ent versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.5.4 Soils, for the purposes o
19、f these test methods, shall be regarded as naturally occurring cohesionless soils, processedparticles, or composites or mixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natural and processed particles, provided they are free-draining.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines fo
20、r significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.6.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) to specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shallbe rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.1.6.2 The procedures used to
21、specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, specia
22、l purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engin
23、eering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2.
24、Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse AggregateD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water PycnometerD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory D
25、etermination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Age
26、ncies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Ro
27、ck, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precisio
28、n and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common definitions in this standard refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms:3.2.1 dry density/unit weight d or d, nthe dry densi
29、ty/unit weight of a soil deposit or fill at the given void ratio.3.2.2 given void ratio, e, nthe in-situ or stated void ratio of a soil deposit or fill.3.2.3 maximum index density/unit weight, dmax or dmax, nthe reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the densest stateof compactness that can
30、be attained using a standard laboratory compaction procedure that minimizes particle segregation andbreakdown.3.2.4 maximum-index void ratio, emax, nthe reference void ratio of a soil at the minimum index density/unit weight.3.2.5 minimum index density/unit weight dmin or dmin, n reference dry densi
31、ty/unit weight of a soil in the loosest state ofcompactness at which it can be placed using a standard laboratory procedure that prevents bulking and minimizes particlesegregation.3.2.6 minimum-index void ratio, emin, nthe reference void ratio of a soil at the maximum index density/unit weight.3.2.7
32、 relative density, Dd, nthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between the maximum index void ratio andany given void ratio of a cohesionless, free-draining soil to the difference between its maximum and minimum index void ratios.3.2.7.1 Discussion3 For referencedASTM standards, vis
33、it theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D4254 162The equation for relative density is:Dd5 emax2eemax2emin3100 (1)or, in terms of corresp
34、onding dry densities:Dd5dmax d 2 dmin!d dmax 2 dmin!3100 (2)or, in terms of corresponding dry unit weights:Dd5dmax d 2 dmin!d dmax 2 dmin! (3)3.2.8 density index/unit weight, Id, nthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between any given dry density/unitweight and the minimum index d
35、ensity/unit weight of a given cohesionless soil to the difference between its maximum andminimum index densities/unit weights.3.2.8.1 DiscussionThe equation for density index/unit weight is:Id5d 2 dmin!dmax 2 dmin!3100 (4)or, in terms of corresponding dry unit weights:Id5d 2 dmin!dmax 2 dmin!3100 (5
36、)4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The minimum index density/unit weight represents the loosest condition of a cohesionless, free-draining soil that can beattained by a standard laboratory procedure, which prevents bulking and minimizes particle segregation. All three methodsdetermine the density/unit we
37、ight of oven-dried soil placed into a container of known volume in such a manner that preventsbulking and particle segregation, and minimizes compaction of the soil.5. Significance and Use5.1 The density/unit weight of a cohesionless soil may be determined by various in-place methods in the field or
38、 by themeasurement of physical dimensions and masses by laboratory soil specimens. The dry density/unit weight of a cohesionless soildoes not necessarily, by itself, reveal whether the soil is loose or dense.5.2 Relative density/unit weight expresses the degree of compactness of a cohesionless soil
39、with respect to the loosest anddensest condition as defined by standard laboratory procedures. Only when viewed against the possible range of variation, in termsof relative density/unit weight, can the dry density/unit weight be related to the compaction effort used to place the soil in acompacted f
40、ill or indicate volume change and stress-strain tendencies of soil when subjected to external loading.5.3 An absolute minimum density/unit weight is not necessarily obtained by these test methods.NOTE 1In addition, there are published data to indicate that these test methods have a high degree of va
41、riability.4 However, the variability can begreatly reduced by careful calibration of equipment, and careful attention to proper test procedure and technique.5.4 The use of the standard molds (6.2.1) has been found to be satisfactory for most soils requiring minimum index density/unitweight testing.
42、Special molds (6.2.2) shall only be used when the test results are to be applied in conjunction with design or specialstudies and there is not enough soil to use the standard molds. Such test results should be applied with caution, as minimum indexdensities/unit weights obtained with the special mol
43、ds may not agree with those that would be obtained using the standard molds.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3
44、740, generally, are considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating
45、 some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Apparatus for Methods A, B, and C:6.1.1 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, preferably of the forced-draft type, capable of maintaining a uniformtemperature of 230 6 9F (110 6 5C) throughout the drying chamber.6.1.2 Sieves, 3-in. (75-mm), 112-in. (37.5-mm
46、), 34-in. (19-mm), 38-in. (9.5-mm), No. 4 (4.75-mm), No. 10 (2.00-mm), and No.200 (75-m) conforming to the requirements of Specification E11.6.2 Apparatus for Methods A and B:4 Selig, E. T., and Ladd, R. S., eds., Evaluation of Relative Density and its Role in Geotechnical Projects Involving Cohesio
47、nless Soils, ASTM STP 523, ASTM, 1973.D4254 1636.2.1 Standard MoldsCylindrical metal molds having nominal volumes of 0.1000Two cylindrical metal molds, one having anominal volume of 0.100 ft3 (2830 cm3) and one having a nominal volume of 0.500 ft3 (14 200 cm3). ), conforming to the designmethodology
48、 presented in Fig. 1. The molds shall conform to the requirements shown in the table in Fig. 1. The actual volumeof the molds shall be within 61.5 % of the specified nominal volume.6.2.2 Special MoldsCylindrical metal molds having a capacity less than 0.100 ft3 (2830 cm3), an inside diameter equal t
49、o orgreater than 2.75 in. (70 mm) but less than 4 in. (100 mm) and conforming to the design methodology presented in Fig. 2. Suchmolds may only be used when the test results are to be used in conjunction with design or special studies, and there is not enoughsoil to use the 0.100 ft3 (2830 cm3) mold.NOTE 1Tolerances are 6164 in. in. (60.4 mm) unless otherwise noted.Size Mold, ft3 (cm3) Dimensions, in. (mm)A B C D E FTolerance+0.005,0.000(+0.130.00)+0.005,0.000(+0.130.00)0.016(0.4)
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