1、Designation: D4289 13Standard Test Method forElastomer Compatibility of Lubricating Greases and Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4289; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method evaluates the compatibi
3、lity of lubricat-ing greases and fluids with coupons cut from standard elasto-mer sheets (Practice D3182) or, optionally, from SAE Speci-fication AMS 3217/2C (NBR-L) and AMS 3217/3A (CR)sheets. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changesin volume and Durometer A hardness that occur when el
4、asto-mer coupons are totally immersed in a lubricant sample for 70h at either 100 or 150C or as required by the lubricantspecification.1.1.1 Some lubricant specifications may require differenttest conditions, such as longer durations or lower or highertemperatures. In such instances, the repeatabili
5、ty and reproduc-ibility values stated in Section 12 do not apply, and the user andsupplier should agree on acceptable limits of precision.NOTE 1The scope of this test method now includes the evaluation ofthe elastomer compatibility of both lubricating fluids and greases. Testingof fluids was not inc
6、luded in Test Method D428995 and earlier versions.1.2 This test method can also be used as a guide to evaluatethe compatibility of greases with rubber products not instandard sheet form (Practice D3183).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement ar
7、e included in thisstandard.1.3.1 ExceptionWhen listed, Durometer A units shall beregarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety an
8、d health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific warningstatements, see 8.4 8.6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of LubricatingGreaseD297 Test Methods for Rubber ProductsChemical Analy-sisD412 Tes
9、t Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-tic ElastomersTensionD471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometer Hard-nessD3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and Pro-cedures for Mixing Standard Com
10、pounds and PreparingStandard Vulcanized SheetsD3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4950 Classification and Specification for Automotive Ser-vice Greases2.2 Federal Standards:3Federal Te
11、st Method Standard 791C, Method 3603.5, Swell-ing of Synthetic Rubbers2.3 U.S. Air Force Specifications:4USAF-539 Specification Bulletin for Standard ElastomerStocks1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
12、responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.G0.01 on Chemical and General Laboratory Tests.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4289 03 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D4289-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
13、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D,700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA
14、19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4USAF-539 is obsolete, but reproductions have been filed atASTM InternationalHeadquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1165.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
15、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 SAE Standards:5AMS 3217A Standard Elastomer StocksTest SlabsAMS 3217/2C Test Slabs, Acrylonitrile Butadiene (NBR-L)Low Acrylonitrile, 6575AMS 3217/3A Test Slabs, Chloroprene (CR)6575NOTE 2USAF-539 was specified in Test Method D428994 andearl
16、ier versions. This specification is obsolete and has been replaced bySAE Standard AMS 3217A. USAF-539 NBR-L was replaced by SAEAMS 3217/2C (NBR-L), which is virtually identical. USAF-539 CR hasbeen replaced by the similar, but not identical, SAE AMS 3217/3A (CR).Elastomer sheets prepared to this lat
17、ter specification are not known orexpected to provide test results identical with those of the USAF-539counterpart.NOTE 3With respect to elastomer AMS 3217/2A, the elastomerspecification was superseded by AMS 3217/2B. Per SAE, the elastomersare identical, however, the synthetic lubricant immersion f
18、luid used toreference the elastomer has been exchanged from ARM-200 to AMS3021. Reference fluidAMS 3021 better represents current market aviationfluids.NOTE 4With respect to elastomer AMS 3217/2B, the elastomer is nolonger being made by the original supplier and has been superseded byAMS 3217/2C. Th
19、is material is made by Rubber-Tech (Mr. Forest Back,or Leah Lark, LLarkDNACO.net, Rubber-Tech, 5208 Wadsworth Road,Dayton, Ohio 45414, phone 937-274-1114) and has been approved for useby SAE. Limited testing of the new material compared with AMS3217/2B material appears to show no bias but more in-de
20、pth evaluation isimpossible due to lack of the older material.2.5 ASTM Adjuncts:ADJD6300 D2PP, Version 4.43, Determination of Preci-sion and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for PetroleumProducts63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 elastomer, na natural or synthetic polymer havingthe rubber-like pr
21、operty of substantially recovering its size andshape after removal of a deforming force.3.1.2 hardness, nof an elastomer, the resistance to defor-mation or indentation.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIn this test method the hardness of anelastomer is measured with a Shore Durometer A (see TestMethod D2240).3.1.3
22、lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them. D41753.1.4 lubricating grease, na semifluid to solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immob
23、ilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredientsimparting special properties are often included. D2173.1.5 relative density, nthe ratio of the density of amaterial at temperature, t1, to the density of water at a referencetemperature, t2.3.1.5.1 DiscussionIn
24、 this test method relative density isdetermined with the temperature of the elastomer and waterbeing equal and within the range from 20 to 25C, and thetemperature correction for the density of water is not applied.The term, relative density, replaces the synonymous, depre-cated term, specific gravit
25、y, used in some earlier editions of thistest method.3.1.6 thickener, nin a lubricating grease, a substancecomposed of finely divided particles dispersed in a liquidlubricant to form the products structure.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe thickener can be fibers (such asvarious metallic soaps) or plates or sphe
26、res (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at most, only veryslightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general require-ments are that the solid particles be extremely small, uniformlydispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable, gel-likestructure with the liquid lu
27、bricant. D2173.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 coupon, na test piece of specified dimensions cutfrom standard elastomer sheets. D31823.3 Symbols:3.3.1 Symbols used in the calculation of hardness change(see Eq 1 in 10.1):H = hardness change, Durometer A units,Hi= initial hardne
28、ss, Durometer A units,Hf= final hardness, Durometer A units.3.3.2 Symbols used in the calculation of relative density(see Eq 2 in 10.2) and volume change (see Eq 3 in 10.3):RD = relative density,V = volume change, %,M1 = initial mass of coupon in air, g,M 2 = initial mass of coupon and hanger wire i
29、n water lessmass of hanger wire partially submerged in water, g,M3 = final mass of coupon in air, g,M4 = final mass of coupon and hanger wire in water lessmass of hanger wire partially submerged in water, g.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A prepared elastomer coupon is measured for initialhardness (Dur
30、ometer A), density or relative density (to ensurethat the coupon is within specified limits), and volume by waterdisplacement. The coupon is immersed in test grease or fluidand aged for 70 h at either 100C (for chloroprene and similarflex-resistant elastomers) or 150C (for nitrile and similarheat-re
31、sistant elastomers) or at other conditions as required bythe lubricant specification. The resulting changes in hardnessand volume are determined.5. Significance and Use5.1 Measurement of the changes in the volume and hardnessof an elastomer that occur from immersion in a lubricatinggrease or fluid p
32、rovides a means for evaluating relativecompatibility. Much of this test method was derived fromprocedures described in Test Method D471 and Federal TestMethod 791C/3603.5. In contrast to these two test methods,which emphasize the evaluation of rubber and rubber-likecompounds, Test Method D4289 was d
33、eveloped specifically toevaluate lubricating greases and fluids, especially those used inautomotive applications, although the test method can be5Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.6Available from ASTM International
34、 Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD6300. Originally produced in 2006.D4289 132applied to lubricants used in industrial applications as well.Excepting the Shore DurometerA, this test method requires nospecialized, rubber-testing equipment. Virtually all otherequipment and supplies specified in the p
35、rocedure are stockitems in lubricants laboratories.5.2 The volume and hardness-change values determined bythis test method do not duplicate similar changes that occur inelastomeric seals under actual service conditions. However,they can be correlated in many instances. In one such instance,the volum
36、e-change values determined by the antecedent of thistest method correlated (r2= 0.99) with those that occurredduring a vehicle test.7Because of wide variations in serviceconditions and differences in grease and elastomerformulations, correlations between the results obtained withthis test method and
37、 particular applications should be deter-mined on an individual basis.5.3 When the optional Reference ElastomersAMS 3217/2C(acrylonitrile-butadiene, NBR-L) and AMS 3217/3A(chloroprene, CR) are used to evaluate compatibility, theresults can be used to judge a service characteristic oflubricants. In t
38、his respect, this test method is useful forlubricant specifications (for example, Specification D4950).Similarly, this test method can be used in specifications forlubricating fluids as well.5.4 With specifications requiring elastomers other than Ref-erence Elastomers AMS 3217/2C or AMS 3217/3A, cou
39、ponscut from standard sheets (Practice D3182) should be used.When the preparation of such coupons is not feasible, or thelubricant specification requires the use of rubber products thatdo not have a suitable size or configuration for use in preparingcoupons for testing (Practice D3183), this test me
40、thod can beused as a guide for evaluating compatibility.NOTE 5Inasmuch as the precision values apply only to the elastomersspecified in Annex A1 of Test Method D4289, when a lubricant specifi-cation requires some other elastomer, the user and supplier of the lubricantshould agree to the values of ac
41、ceptable precision. Such values may ormay not be the same as those of Test Method D4289. It is recommendedthat the agreed upon precision values be stated in the users lubricantspecification.5.5 The results of this test method are most applicable to theuse of lubricating greases and fluids in contact
42、 with elastomericseals, boots, O-rings, and similar products, where the physicaldemands on the elastomer are not extreme. In critical applica-tions where the lubricant will be in contact with rubber partssubject to severe flexing, extreme temperatures, or similarstresses, other rubber properties, su
43、ch as tensile strength andelongation, should also be evaluated as they may be moreindicative of the true compatibility characteristics.6. Interferences6.1 (WarningAlthough greases and elastomers typicallyhave long shelf lives, there is potential for change in time.Therefore, in order to ensure accep
44、table precision in this testmethod, neither test greases nor test elastomers should be morethan approximately one year old.)6.1.1 Before testing with reference elastomers stored forextended periods (approaching one year or more) or in anadverse environment (high ambient temperatures, solventvapors,
45、and so forth), the elastomers should be checked forconformance with the requirements in Table A1.1.NOTE 6Experience has shown that storage conditions can affect theshelf life of the reference elastomers. Shelf life can be extended by storingelastomers in the dark in an inert atmosphere (such as a gl
46、ass or metal, butnot plastic, container, for example, vacuum desiccator, in which the air hasbeen replaced by nonreactive gas (such as argon or nitrogen) at refrigera-tor temperatures. Elastomers should not be stored at temperatures lowerthan 5C because of crystallinity and solubility changes that c
47、an affect testperformance. Neither should they be stored at reduced pressures or inpermeable containers or wrappers which could allow them to be affectedby the normal atmosphere.7. Apparatus7.1 Sample Beaker, heat-resistant glass, Griffin low form,approximately 50 mm in diameter by 70 mm deep (100-m
48、Lnominal capacity), having volumetric markings.7.2 Beaker Cover, disposable, aluminum foil weighing(moisture) dish, with crimped sides and flat, smooth bottom,about 0.1 mm thick, having bottom inside diameter approxi-mately 52 mm and a depth of approximately 14 mm, and acapacity of about 50 mL.7.3 A
49、nalytical Balance, having a sensitivity of at least 1 mg,equipped with a suspension hook and a platform to locate ahydrostatic-weighing beaker above the balance pan.7.4 Hanger Wire, stainless steel, about 0.5-mm diameter(No. 25 U.S. Steel Wire Gage or Imperial Wire Gage) ofsuitable length, having a fish-hook configuration, that is, witha suitably sized eye at one end and a hook configuration(approximately 8-mm gape) at the other.7.5 Coupon Suspension Wire, stainless steel, about 0.71 to0.72-mm diameter (No. 22 U.S. Steel Wire Gage or Impe
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