1、Designation: D 4290 07An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining the Leakage Tendencies of Automotive WheelBearing Grease Under Accelerated Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4290; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure forevalu
3、ating leakage tendencies of wheel bearing greases whentested under prescribed conditions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly. The exception is apparatus dimensions, in inches, whichare to be regarded as the stan
4、dard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For speci
5、ficwarning statements, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AFBMA Standard:AFBMA Standard 19 1974 (ANSI B.3.19-1975)23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 lubricant, nany material interposed between twosurfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.3.1.2 lubricating grease, na semifluid t
6、o solid product ofa dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe dispersion of the thickener forms atwo-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant bysurface tension and other physical forces. Other ingredients arecommonly included to impart special properties.3.1.3 th
7、ickener, nin lubricating grease, a substance com-posed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricantto form the products structure.3.1.3.1 DiscussionThe solid thickener can be fibers (suchas various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certainnon-soap thickeners) which are ins
8、oluble or, at the most, onlyvery slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The generalrequirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,uniformly dispersed, and capable of forming a relatively stable,gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This St
9、andard:3.2.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, n a lubricatinggrease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheelbearings at relatively high grease temperatures and bearingspeeds.3.2.2 leakage, nof wheel bearing grease, separation andoverflow of grease or oil from the bulk grease charge, ind
10、ucedby high temperatures and bearing rotation.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test grease is distributed in a modified, automobilefront wheel hub-spindle-bearings assembly. While the bearingsare thrust-loaded to 111 N, the hub is rotated at 1000 rpm andthe spindle temperature maintained at 160C for
11、 20 h. Leakageof grease or oil, or both, is measured, and the condition of thebearing surface is noted at the end of the test.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearinggreases having distinctly different high-temperature leakagecharacteristics. It is not the equiv
12、alent of longtime service tests.5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screeninggreases with respect to leakage tendencies for automotivewheel bearing applications.NOTE 1It is possible for skilled operators to observe changes ingrease characteristics that can occur during the test, such as
13、 greasecondition. Leakage is reported as a quantitative value, whereas theevaluation of grease condition is subject to differences in personaljudgment among operators and cannot be used effectively for quantitativemeasurements.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Assembly (Figs. 1 and 2).6.1.1 Custom-made Wheel Hub
14、-Spindle-Bearing Assembly(Fig. 3).6.1.2 Oven, electrically heated by 1800 watt heater, thermo-statically controlled to maintain spindle temperature at 160 61.5C.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of S
15、ubcommitteeD02.G0.05 on Functional Tests - Temperature.Current edition approved July 15, 2007. Published August 2007. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 429002.2Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10
16、036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.3 Spindle Drive Motor,14 hp, 120 volts dc with 1725rpm speed control for the hub; motor torque is indicated by ameter equipped with an adjustable, automatic cutoff.6.1.4 Fan Dri
17、ve Motor,130 hp, 120 v dc, 1550 rpm.6.2 Motor speed, oven temperature, spindle temperature,time cycles and torque are controlled or monitored, or both, byaccessory equipment.6.3 A grease slinger has been added since the originaldesign of the apparatus. Fig. 4 shows the slinger used for thehub of Koe
18、hler and Pam apparatus.NOTE 2The slinger was developed to prevent grease from creepingalong the hub and being slung off past the grease collector. Greases thatcrept during the test can lead to erroneously low results. Addition of theslinger will not affect the precision data in Section 13 because no
19、ne of theround-robin greases exhibited grease creepage.6.4 Balance, having a minimum capacity of 100 g andminimum sensitivity of 0.1 g.7. Test Bearings7.1 Use LM67048-LM67010 and LM11949-LM11910(AFBMA Standard 19) inboard and outboard bearings, respec-tively.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Penmul L460
20、(previously called Penetone-ECS)3(WarningCombustible. Vapors can be harmful.)8.2 n-heptanereagent grade minimum purity.(WarningFlammable. Harmful if inhaled.)3The sole source of supply of Penmul L460 (previously called Penetone-ECS)known to the committee at this time is Penetone Corp., 74 HudsonAve.
21、, Tenaply, NJ07670. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.NOTECaution should be taken when modifying old
22、er units since some may still contain asbestos insulation leading to a possible inhalation hazard.FIG. 1 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Elevation View)FIG. 2 Wheel Bearing Lubricant Tester (Top View)D42900728.3 Isopropyl Alcoholreagent grade minimum purity.(WarningFlammable.)8.4 Mineral Spiritsreag
23、ent grade. (WarningCombustible. Vapors may be harmful.)8.5 SAE 10W Engine Oil.8.6 00 Grade Steel Wool.9. Preparation of Bearings9.1 Carefully remove new bearings (cups and cones) fromtheir packages and place in a suitable clean container. Washwith n-heptane to remove all rust preventative.9.2 Repeat
24、 washing with n-heptane two additional times tobe certain all rust preventative has been removed. Use a cleanbeaker each time.9.3 Drain n-heptane from the bearings and set them on aclean, lint-free cloth or towel to air dry.NOTE 3Cleaning may be facilitated by the use of a sonic cleaner.10. Procedur
25、e10.1 Prior to each test, check the freedom of movement ofthe thrust loading shaft (Fig. 3) in the spindle. If binding isnoted, remove and clean both shaft and spindle bore.10.2 Install new cups in the cleaned hub in the locationshown by Figs. 1 and 2.10.3 Weigh an inboard and outboard bearing cone
26、to thenearest 0.1 g. Using the grease packer shown in Figs. 5 and 6and an extra set of cups, fill the cones with the test grease. Usecare to avoid moving the rollers or bearing components whileremoving the cones from the cups and in all subsequent wipingand handling steps. Strike off excess grease f
27、lush with the frontface of the cone (near small end of rollers) using a smallspatula. Wipe all grease from cone bore, cone back face,exterior cage surfaces, and exposed roller surfaces with a clean,lint-free cloth or towel and reweigh. Adjust the grease weightin the inboard cone to 3.0 6 0.1 g and i
28、n the outboard cone to2.0 6 0.1 g by wiping or adding grease to the groove betweenthe cage and the cone back face. Apply a thin film of grease onthe cups.10.4 Distribute 55.0 6 0.2 g of grease in a uniform layer inthe hub.FIG. 3 Spindle and Thrust Rod ComponentsFIG. 4 Grease Slingers for Pam and Koe
29、hler HubsD429007310.5 Weigh the leakage collector to the nearest 0.1 g.10.6 Install the leakage collector, inboard cone, hub, andoutboard cone on the spindle (Fig. 2). Lock the components inplace with the end cap and screw. Install the spindle connector.10.7 Referring to Fig. 3, adjust the thrust lo
30、ad as follows:Tighten the compression nut (G) until the spring (F) is seatedagainst the back plate (E), but not compressed. Bring the locknut (H) up to the compression nut (G). Without moving H,compress F by tightening G until the compression gage (J) willfit between H and G. Hold J in position and
31、back off G until Jis held firmly between H and G.NOTE 4Compression gage J has been machined such that insertionand adjustment of G causes spring F to compress and apply a 111-N(25-lbf) axial load on the wheel bearings.10.8 Insert the thermocouple in the spindle thrust rod andposition the junction at
32、 the center of the outboard bearingposition. Close the cabinet and position the motor to operatinglocation.NOTE 5Do not engage the drive at this point. Start the motor andadjust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. At this point observe and record theunloaded motor current (N).10.9 Turn off the motor, engage
33、 the drive coupling, and lockin position. Set the timer to begin 20-h cycle. Restart the motorand again adjust the speed to 1000 6 50 rpm. Turn on theheaters and adjust the oven temperature to maintain the spindletemperature at 160 6 1.5C (320 6 2.7F). When the spindletemperature has stabilized at t
34、he test temperature, make nofurther adjustment of the oven temperature for the duration ofthe test.10.10 A steady-state running torque will develop in the first2 h of operation as indicated by a stabilized value on the meter.Record this value as steady-state current (T). Determine themotor cutoff va
35、lue as follows:C 5 8T 2 N! 1 N (1)where:C = motor cut-off value, amps,T = steady-state current, amps, andN = unloaded motor current, amps.Set the automatic torque cut-off of motor to value C.10.11 Permit the apparatus to operate under the prescribedconditions of load, speed, and temperature for 20 6
36、 0.25 h. Ifthe preset torque cut-off is exceeded, the test will be terminatedautomatically.NOTE 6The motor is protected by a 30-s time delay.10.12 Open the cabinet and allow the tester to cool toapproximately 55C using ambient air and no additionalcooling aids (that is, fans) to facilitate disassemb
37、ly.10.13 Weigh the leakage collector to the nearest 0.1 g andreport the weight as grease leakage. The grease collector willcontain about 15 g before overflowing. This represents about25 % of the total grease charge. If the collector overflows,report grease leakage as +25 %.11. Parts Cleanup11.1 With
38、 a spatula, remove as much grease as possiblefrom the hub, grease collector, end cap, and spindle connector.11.2 Place the parts in a suitable clean container (preferablystainless steel) and cover with Penmul L460 (see 8.1). Install aloosely fitting cover and heat gently (70 6 10C) until the partsar
39、e clean (several hours). Avoid prolonged (overnight) heatingas parts corrosion can occur.11.3 Remove the parts from the solvent and wash with hotrunning water. Rinse immediately with isopropyl alcohol (see8.3). Air dry. If the parts will not be used immediately, apply athin film of SAE 10W engine oi
40、l.11.4 Use a spatula to scrape grease off of the spindle.Remove remaining deposits from the spindle using 00 gradesteel wool and mineral spirits (see 8.4). If strongly adherentdeposits resist this treatment, remove the spindle and clean inhot Penmul L460.12. Report12.1 Report the leakage to the near
41、est 0.1 g as determined in10.13.12.2 Report other observations such as grease movement inthe hub, condition of the bearings, and so forth.12.3 Report the presence on the bearing surface of anyadherent deposit of varnish, gum, or lacquer-like material,which is evident after removal of the grease.NOTE
42、 7With some wheel bearing greases, it will be found that greasethickeners are not completely washed from the bearings with ASTMn-heptane. A film of grease thickener may, therefore, remain on thebearings. This film can be readily distinguished from varnish, gum, orlacquer-like deposits resulting from
43、 deterioration of the lubricant.FIG. 5 Bearing PackerD429007413. Precision and Bias413.1 PrecisionThe precision of this test method wasdetermined by statistical examination of interlaboratory results.In 1988 a more precise bearing packing procedure wasincluded in 10.3. The precision data shown was o
44、btainedearlier using a less detailed packing procedure:13.1.1 Repeatability The difference between two testresults obtained by the same operator with the same apparatusunder constant operating conditions on identical test materialwould, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation ofthe test
45、 method, exceed the following values in only one casein twenty.Repeatability 5 1.504! =X (2)where:X = the average of the two test results.13.1.2 Reproducibility The difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical te
46、st material would, inthe long run, in the normal and correct operation of the testmethod, exceed the following values in only one case intwenty.Reproducibility 5 3.848! =X (3)where:X = the average of the two test results.13.2 BiasThe procedure in Test Method D 4290 for mea-suring the leakage tendenc
47、ies of automotive wheel bearinggreases under accelerated conditions has no bias because thevalue of grease leakage can be defined only in terms of the testmethod.NOTE 8A round robin of eleven cooperators testing five greases hasresulted in the precision statement shown above. The data are shown inTa
48、ble X1.1 of Appendix X1. In this round robin, determinations weremade using testers by Pam and by Koehler. No distinction was made asboth testers gave equivalent results.14. Keywords14.1 leakage automotive wheel bearing; lubricating grease;wheel bearing grease4Supporting data (cooperative test progr
49、ams to develop this procedure) havebeen filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR: D02-1176.FIG. 6 Bearing PackerD4290075APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. ROUND ROBIN DATAX1.1 The precision statement of eleven cooperators ispresented in Table X1.1. Table X1.2 provides the metricequivalents for Fig. 1, Fig. 3, Fig. 5, and Fig. 6.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standa
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