ASTM D4385-2008 Standard Practice for Classifying Visual Defects in Thermosetting Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Products.pdf

1、Designation: D 4385 08Standard Practice forClassifying Visual Defects in Thermosetting ReinforcedPlastic Pultruded Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4385; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,

2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers acceptance criteria for visual ac-ceptance of thermosetting reinforced plastic pul

3、truded rods,bars, shapes, and sheets.1.2 This practice presents definitions of possible defects toserve as a guide for contracts, drawings, product specifications,and final inspection.1.3 This practice also categorizes different inspection re-quirements for three grades of product quality.1.4 This s

4、tandard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1There is no similar

5、 or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3647 Practice for Classifying Reinforced Plastic Pul-truded Shapes According to CompositionD 3917 Specification for Dimensional Tolerance of Ther-mosetting Glass-Reinforced Plastic Pultruded Shapes3. Acceptance Criteria3.1 The

6、method and frequency of sampling and the qualitylevel shall be agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.3.2 Dimensions and TolerancesPultruded shapes shall beinspected for conformance with dimensions and tolerancesspecified on the product drawing. Products with any dimen-sions exceeding the

7、specified limits shall be rejected.3.3 PunchabilityProducts not exceeding 5 mm (0.197 in.)thickness, having Reinforcement Material G and Reinforce-ment Type M in accordance with Practice D 3647, shall becapable of being punched, drilled, and riveted without causingsplitting or delamination when good

8、 commercial practices areemployed (for example, proper backup, adequate hole spacing,etc.).3.4 Critical AreasAreas in which the presence of imper-fections is considered to be detrimental to the proper functionof the part shall be designated as critical areas. The areas of aproduct that are critical

9、structurally, aerodynamically, electri-cally, or for some other purpose shall be uniform and inaccordance with the quality levels of Table 1 as stated on theproduct drawing. Critical areas may be designated on theproduct drawing by one of the following methods:3.4.1 Encircle critical areas,3.4.2 Cro

10、ss-hatch areas to designate areas of various levels,or3.4.3 Word description.3.5 Allowable DefectsDefects that by nature, number, orfrequency of occurrence do not affect the serviceability of theproduct. These allowable defects shall be fully described as totype, size, number, extent allowed, and sp

11、acing. The appropri-ate acceptance level (see Table 1) for defects in these areasmust be specified. Defects in excess of those listed as allowablein the product specifications, drawings, or contracts for theproduct shall be cause for rejection.3.6 Acceptable DefectsUnless otherwise specified, thefol

12、lowing defects shall be acceptable in all instances:3.6.1 Shrink-MarkA dimple-like depression on the sur-face of a pultruded shape where it has retracted from thepultrusion die, and which has well-rounded edges. A shrink-mark generally occurs on one surface of a part where there isa boss, flange, ri

13、b, or other heavy section on the oppositesurface. The shrink-mark may be caused by the difference intotal shrinkage when there is a sudden change in section alongthe surface of the part.3.6.2 Resin VoidsApplicable to a number of mat- andfabric-type reinforcement systems, particularly continuousstran

14、d mat used without a surfacing material or woven fabrics.The resin voids appear as multiple surface interruptions thatconform to the pattern of the cloth weave or the continuousstrand mat fiber distribution. This is usually due to an insuffi-cient flow or shrinkage of the resin that fails to fill al

15、l of theinterstices of the fabric or mat reinforcement. These defects1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.18 on Reinforced ThermosettingPlastics.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Orig

16、inallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4385 - 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ont

17、he ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.occur only on the surface layer of resin in contact with thepultrusion die or mold.3.6.2.1 Pultrusions

18、intended for chemical corrosion environ-ments with pH below 5, or over 9, or for immersion applica-tions, require a synthetic surface veil to ensure adequate resincoverage. Any resin voids shall be repaired.3.7 Repairable DefectsRepairable defects are those thatcan be repaired without affecting the

19、serviceability of theproduct unless otherwise specifically prohibited on productspecifications, drawings, or contracts. The specific repairabledefects include blister, chips, die-parting line, gouges, groov-ing, intermittent disfigurement, scale, scuffing, sluffing, stopmark, wire brush surface, and

20、 resin voids (see 3.6.2). Therepaired product must conform to the limits of Table 1. Otherdefects may be repaired by mutual consent of the customer andthe pultruder. Methods of repair shall be agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and the seller and shall be fully described by theproduct specification, d

21、rawings, or contracts.4. Acceptance Levels4.1 Visual InspectionEach sample selected in accordancewith 3.1 shall be checked visually without the aid of magnifi-cation. Defects shall be classified as to type and level, as shownin Table 1. The quality level shall be determined by referenceto the produc

22、t specification or drawing for the applicableacceptance level for allowable defects. The inspection shall beconcerned with those defects described by the product speci-fications, drawings, or contracts for the pultruded products. Ifnone of these first three levels (Levels I, II, or III) is considere

23、dapplicable, the level shall be Level IV, and allowable defectsmust be specified on the product specification or drawingincluding the criteria for acceptance. Any excess of defects, asspecified under the required level, shall be cause for rejection.Unless otherwise specified, dimensions are surface

24、dimensions.4.2 Acceptance Level IPresence of any defects in excessof those listed in Table 1, Level I, shall be cause for rejection.4.3 Acceptance Level IIPresence of defects in excess ofthose listed in Table 1, Level II, shall be cause for rejection, ifdefect is not repairable.4.4 Acceptance Level

25、IIIPresence of defects in excess ofthose listed in Table 1, Level III, shall be cause for rejection, ifdefect is not repairable.4.5 Acceptance Level IVAny defect not specifically de-fined by size or shape in Levels I, II, or III that falls into acategory between Levels I, II, and III or beyond Level

26、 III andis considered acceptable, shall be designated as Level IV andshall be specified on the product specification or drawing. Anysuch defect shall be fully described as to size, shape, number,extend, and spacing on the product drawing, product specifi-cation, or contracts for the products.5. Keyw

27、ords5.1 pultrusion; structural shapes; visualTABLE 1 Acceptance CriteriaName DefinitionVisual Acceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIIBlack Marking Black smudges on the surface of thepultruded product that cannot beremoved by cleaning, scrubbing, orwiping with solvent.None Permitted if not over 1

28、2 mm wide or 20cm long or more than 4 marks per 3 mof length.Permitted if not over 25 mmNOTEBlack marking results fromexcessive pressures in the die whenthe pultrusion is rubbing against soft orunchromed die surfaces.Blister A rounded elevation of the pultrudedsurface with boundaries that may bemore

29、 or less sharply defined.None Permitted if not on the exterior surfaceformed between the surfacing veil andfirst layer of reinforcement. And lessthan 15 mm in diameter. No more thanone per 3 m in length.Permitted if formed between surfacinglayer and balance of laminate, width isno greater than 80 %

30、of surface width(but 13 cm max) and length is not over20 cm. No more than 2 per 3 m oflength. Blisters less than 19 mm indiameter are permitted on interiorsurfaces that are bonded. A popcornblister (less than 1.5 mm in diameterand .25 mm high) is permitted if lessthan 4 per 650 square mm.NOTEThe rou

31、nded elevationsomewhat resembles in shape a blisteron the surface of human skin.Blisters may exist within the pultrusionas a hollow delaminated area (gas-filled) under a raised portion of thesurface. (see popcorn blisters)Product must meet test requirements and not exceed dimensional tolerances.Repa

32、ir if limits exceeded.Blooming, Fiber (FiberShow)A pultrusion surface conditionexhibiting a fiber prominence or fibershow that usually has a white orbleached color and a sparklingappearance.None Permitted for rod and bar with all roving reinforcement. None permitted for a mat/roving profile unless t

33、he profile contains no surfacing veil by its specification.NOTEThe surface generally feelsrough when touched by the fingers andis of superficial thickness easilyremoved by buffing or light sanding.D4385082TABLE 1 ContinuedName DefinitionVisual Acceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIIBlooming, Und

34、ercure A dull and bleached surface color thatis evident in pultruded material notexposed to the weather.None None NoneBurn A discoloration, distortion, ordestruction of the pultruded surface asa result of thermal decomposition.None None NoneChips (Gouges) Minor damage to the pultruded surfacethat re

35、moves material but does notcause a crack or craze.None Not over 6 mm long or wide or 0.64mm deep. Not more than 4 per 3 m oflength. Repair if limits exceeded.Not over 10 mm wide or long or 0.64mm deep. Not more than 5 per 3 m oflength. Repair if limits exceeded.Crack A visual separation that occursi

36、nternally or penetrates down from thepultruded surface to the equivalent ofone full ply or more reinforcement (0.5mm). See internal shrinkage cracks.None None NoneCrater A small, shallow pultrusion surfaceimperfection.None Not over 1 mm in diameter and 0.64mm deep. Maximum of 5 per 64.5 cmof area an

37、d no more than 1 such areaper 0.3 m of product.Acceptable if it does not reduce thepart thickness below the minimumspecification.Not permitted in same area of unrepaired chips and gouges.Craze Multiple fine separation cracks at thepultruded surface not penetrating intothe reinforcement nor to the eq

38、uivalentdepth of one ply of reinforcement.None Not over 9 mm long or 0.4 mm wide,not more than 12 per 3 m of length.Can be over the entire length of thepart.NOTEThis condition is usually due toresin shrinkage during cure in resin-rich areas.Delamination The separation of two or more layersor plies o

39、f reinforcing material within apultrusion.None None NoneDie Parting Line A lengthwise flash or depression onthe surface of a pultruded plastic part.The die parting line is not part of thedimensional tolerance.The line projection caused by the die-parting line shall not extend past theproducts surfac

40、e by more than 0.20mm for shapes less than 3.1 cm wideand 0.3 mm for shapes greater than3.1 cm wide. It shall not create a sharpfeeling or have loose fibers. Repair iflimits exceeded.The line projection caused by the dieparting line shall not extend past theproducts surface by more than 0.30mm. It s

41、hall not create a sharp feelingor have loose fibers. Repair if limits areexceeded.NOTEThe die-parting line isassociated with the area whereseparate pieces of the die join togetherto form the cavity.Discoloration A streak of other pattern on the surfacethat causes a noticeable change ofcolor from the

42、 rest of the pultrudedsurface.None Spots of any color not over 12 mm indiameter or 4 per 3 m of length arepermitted. Streaks or longitudinalstains permitted if not over 12 mmwide, 20 cm long, or more than 4 per 3m of length.Spots of any color not over 19 mm indiameter or 8 per 3 m of length arepermi

43、tted. Streaks or longitudinalstains permitted if not over 19 mmwide, 25 cm long, or more than 6 per 3m of length.Dry Fiber (Lack of ResinFillout)A condition in which fibers are not fullyencapsulated by resin duringpultrusion.None If internal, permitted if product meets test requirements. If on the s

44、urface, seeblooming, fiber.NOTEThis does not includesurfacing veil.Dullness A lack of normal pultruded surfacegloss or shine.None Permitted unless caused by insufficient cure.NOTEThis condition can be causedby insufficient cure locally or in largeareas, resulting in the dull bandcreated on a pultrud

45、ed part within thedie when the pultrusion process isinterrupted briefly (see stop mark).D4385083TABLE 1 ContinuedName DefinitionVisual Acceptance LevelsLevel I Level II Level IIIExposed Rovings The underlying layer of roving notcovered by surface material in apultrusion.None Permitted if surfacing m

46、aterial coversall but 9.5 mm from each free edge butnot to exceed 40 % of the width of thesurface being inspected or 25 % of theperimeter of a round product.Permitted if surfacing material coversall but 12 mm from each free edge, butnot to exceed 40 % of the width of thesurface being inspected or 30

47、 % of theperimeter of a round product. Carrierrovings can be used on the surface ofa tube.The exposed underlayment may be present intermittently along an entire length. Allreinforcing fibers shall be encapsulated with resin.Fiber Bridging Reinforcing fiber material that is foundbridging across on an

48、 inside radius ofa pultruded shape.None Permitted if reinforcing fibers are encapsulated by resin, no corner cracks exist,and there is no evidence of delamination.NOTEThis condition is caused byshrinkage stresses around such aradius during cure.Fiber Prominence A visible and measurable pattern of th

49、ereinforcing material on the surface of apultruded plastic part.None Permitted if reinforcing material is encapsulated by resin.Folded Reinforcement An unintentional or unspecifiedmisalignment of mat or fabricreinforcing material in relation to thecontour of a pultruded section.None Not permitted when fold results in 3 ormore plies affected and areinforcement-rich area.Permitted if reinforcement rich area isnot created and test requirements aremet. Other visual requirements mustsatisfy the specification.NOTESuch folds may or may notaffect the surface appearance